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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 13 (1974), S. 5152-5158 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 14 (1985), S. 547-553 
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ring doves,Streptopelia risoria, were raised to adult size on either low iodine or normal iodine semi-purified diets. Insufficient iodine elicited thyroid hyperplasia comparable to that previously reported in Great Lakes herring gulls,Larus argentatus. This condition was reversed within seven days following a single dose (60 μg/g body weight) of the PCB congener 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCBP) in which group the thyroid weight plus colloid diameters were consistent with the development of large-colloid goiter. TCBP exposure also decreased the core body temperature, serum TT4, and TT3, indicating that low iodine euthyroidism changed to mild hypothyroidism. Acute exposure of the normal iodine doves did not cause hypothyroidism or affect thyroid histology, although serum TT4 and TT3 decreased significantly. In a second study, doves raised on the experimental diets received three TCBP doses (3×20 μg/g body weight) over a 28-day period. The only significant effect associated with TCBP was decreased serum TT4 which occurred in both dietary groups. The major conclusions are i) thyroid hyperplasia caused by low iodine was not enhanced by TCBP, ii) this effect is presumably due to opposing influences upon the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) feedback system, and iii) this work in addition to previous studies indicate that PCB elicits large-colloid goiters in avian species generally, which is an inherently different response to hyperplastic goiter produced in mammals exposed to PCBs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: hepatocytes ; salmonids ; insulin binding ; insulin processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce travail devait nous permettre de savoir si: 1) de l'insuline ajoutée à du milieu d'incubation d'hépatocytes isolés de saumon atlantique (Salmo salar) et de truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) était capable de contrôler négativement le nombre de récepteurs à l'insuline; 2) une évaluation différentielle quantitative du devenir de l'insuline était possible sur des cellules hépatiques isolées de poisson; 3) la température pouvait affecter la liaison à l'insuline et contrôler négativement le nombre de récepteurs à l'insuline. Après leur individualisation et une courte “période de régénération métabolique”, des cellules hépatiques ont été utilisées pour des études de liaison avec de l'125I insuline, directement ou après une préincubation (18h à 4°C ou 3h à 15°C) en présence d'insuline mammalienne ou de saumon (1 à 1000 nM). Une préincubation à 15°C diminue la capacité de liaison (nombre de sites de liaison par cellule hépatique) de toutes les preparations d'hépatocytes traitées avec 1000 nM d'insuline, et dans 4 des 5 préparations traitées avec 100 nM d'insuline. A 4°C, les sites de liaison de l'insuline ne sont régulés négativement que dans moins de 50% des préparations hépatocytaires et seulement en présence de 1000 nM d'insuline. Une évaluation différentielle quantitative a été effectuée sur a) l'insuline libre intact; b) l'insuline dégradée; c) l'insuline liée intact; d) l'insuline internalisée mais dégradée, et e) l'insuline intacte internalisée par les cellules hépatiques. Des hépatocytes préincubés à 15°C en présence de 100–1000 nM d'insuline, lient et internalisent moins l'125I insuline. Nous émettons l'hypothèse que, in vivo, à des températures égales ou supérieures à 15°C, des niveaux extrêmes mais physiologiques d'insuline sont capables de réguler le nombre de récepteurs de l'insuline dans le foie des salmonidés. Inversement, chez les poissons vivant en eau froide, la régulation des récepteurs à l'insuline, par l'insuline plasmatique, a un faible rôle physiologique.
    Notes: Abstract The questions addressed in this study were: 1) whether insulin added to the incubation medium can down-regulate 125I insulin binding to isolated hepatocytes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); 2) whether quantitative assessment of insulin processing can be made on isolated fish liver cells; 3) how ambient temperatures can affect insulin binding, and down-regulation of insulin receptors. After isolation and a short (up to 4h) “metabolic recovery period”, liver cells were used either directly in 125I insulin binding assay or first preincubated for 18h at 4°C or for 3h at 15°C, with or without mammalian or salmon insulin in concentrations ranging from 1 to 1000 nM. Preincubation at 15°C, decreased binding capacity (number of binding sites per liver cell) in all five independent hepatocyte preparations treated with 1000 nM insulin and in four out of five preparations treated with 100 nM insulin. At 4°C insulin binding sites were down-regulated in less than 50% of all hepatocyte preparations and only in the presence of 1000 nM insulin. Differential quantitive assessment was made of a) intact free insulin; b) insulin degraded; c) intact insulin bound to the cell membrane; d) internalized but degraded insulin, and e) intact insulin internalized by liver cells. Hepatocytes preincubated with 100 – 1000 nM insulin at 15°C bound and internalized less 125I insulin. We hypothesize that in vivo, at water temperatures of 15°C and higher, extreme physiological levels of plasma insulin may regulate the numbers of insulin receptors in the salmonid liver. In contrast, in fish inhabiting cold waters the regulation of insulin receptors by circulating plasma insulin seems to be of little physiological importance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 7 (1989), S. 279-288 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: glucagon ; glucagon-like peptides ; glucagon-fragments ; glycogenolysis ; gluconeogenesis ; enzyme phosphorylation ; receptor ; intracellular messenger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review addresses direct and indirect metabolic actions of hormones co-encoded in the preproglucagon gene of fishes. Emphasis is placed on a critical analysis of the effects of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide (GLP) and the current knowledge of the respective modes of action is reviewed. In mammals GLPs exert no direct metabolic actions. In fish liver, GLP and glucagon act on similar targets of intermediary metabolism by enhancing flux through glycogenolysis, lipolysis and gluconeogenesis. Increases in substrate oxidation are not uniform. Hormonal activation of glycogen phosphorylase and triglyceride lipase and inhibition of pyruvate kinase are implicated in these actions. Hormone-dependent hyperglycemia, depletion of hepatic glycogen and increases in free fatty acids are noticeablein vivo. Glucagon also activates hepatic amino acid uptake and ammonia excretion. Glucagon actions are accompanied by large increases in hepatic cAMP and increased phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase. Metabolic effects measured after GLP administration are associated with minor, if any, increases in cAMP and effects on pyruvate kinase are variable. We hypothesize that different hepatic receptors with differing modes of intracellular message transduction are involved in glucagon and GLP actions while targetting identical metabolic routes. Responses of different species of fish cover a wide spectrum, and variation of response with the circannual cycle of experimental animals makes comparisons of results, even within one species, difficult.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9 (1999), S. 211-268 
    ISSN: 1573-5184
    Keywords: cortisol biosynthesis ; gluconeogenesis ; hormone responsive elements ; metabolic regulation ; physiology ; steroid receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cortisol is the principal corticosteriod in teleost fishes and its plasma concentrations rise dramatically during stress. The relationship between this cortisol increase and its metabolic consequences are subject to extensive debate. Much of this debate arises from the different responses of the many species used, the diversity of approaches to manipulate cortisol levels, and the sampling techniques and duration. Given the extreme differences in experimental approach, it is not surprising that inconsistencies exist within the literature. This review attempts to delineate common themes on the physiological and metabolic roles of cortisol in teleost fishes and to suggest new approaches that might overcome some of the inconsistencies on the role of this multifaceted hormone. We detail the dynamics of cortisol, especially the exogenous and endogenous factors modulating production, clearance and tissue availability of the hormone. We focus on the mechanisms of action, the biochemical and physiological impact, and the interaction with other hormones so as to provide a conceptual framework for cortisol under resting and/or stressed states. Interpretation of interactions between cortisol and other glucoregulatory hormones is hampered by the absence of adequate hormone quantification, resulting in correlative rather than causal relationships. The use of mammalian paradigms to explain the teleost situation is generally inappropriate. The absence of a unique mineralocorticoid and likely minor importance of glucose in fishes means that cortisol serves both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid roles; the unusual structure of the fish glucocorticoid receptor may be a direct consequence of this duality. Cortisol affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein and lipid. Generally cortisol is hyperglycaemic, primarily as a result of increases in hepatic gluconeogenesis initiated as a result of peripheral proteolysis. The increased plasma fatty acid levels during hypercortisolaemia may assist to fuel the enhanced metabolic rates noted for a number of fish species. Cortisol is an essential component of the stress response in fish, but also plays a significant role in osmoregulation, growth and reproduction. Interactions between cortisol and toxicants may be the key to the physiology of this hormone, although cortisol's many important housekeeping functions must not be ignored. Combining molecular approaches with isolated cell systems and the whole fish will lead to an improved understanding of the many faces of this complex hormone in an evolutionary and environmental framework.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 15 (1996), S. 349-358 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: glutathione ; antioxidant enzymes ; age ; maturation ; rainbow trout ; black bullhead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione status were determined in different tissues of two teleost species, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the black bullhead (Ameiurus melas) to establish whether age-related changes exist between mature and immature individuals. Glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly lower in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues of 3+ year than 1+ year trout and bullheads. Activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase did not exhibit a clear pattern, with decreases in liver and kidney, but increases in gill and muscle tissues. Glutathione concentrations were significantly higher in most tissues of 3+ year than in 1+ year trout, but remained unchanged or decreased in tissues of older bullheads. The results imply an age- or maturation-dependent effect on key antioxidant enzymes in various tissues of these 2 teleost species. Thus, age and maturation may impact upon the use of oxidative stress parameters as indicators of contaminant exposure in environmental studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 107 (1976), S. 185-199 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The thermal characteristics of flight muscle and liver pyruvate kinase (PK) from the batMyotis lucifugus have been investigated in an attempt to understand the molecular strategies associated with hibernation. PKs of the hibernating and normothermic state differ in essentially five ways: 1. Qualitative differences exist in the isozymic patterns (Fig. 1), with hibernator muscle PK having fewer types than normothermic muscle PK, and hibernator and normothermic liver PKs differing in the arrangement of bands, not total number. 2. The specific activity of hibernator-PK is 1.5 to 2-fold higher than the normothermic enzyme (Figs. 2, 3, 5) which suggests the importance of this enzymic step at some point in the seasonal hibernating cycle of the bat. 3. The PK found in a particular physiological state is that with the lowest thermal sensitivity (as indicated by reducedE a-values) over the temperature range characteristic of that state (Figs. 3, 5, 6, 7). 4. Discontinuous Arrhenius plots are found for hibernator and normothermic tissue PKs, although the “critical temperature” (T c-value) is approximately 10°C lower for the hibernator enzyme (Figs. 3, 5). 5. Temperature sensitivity is also noted in the binding of PEP and ADP to normothermic PK, although not in the hibernator enzyme (Figs. 4, 6, 7). The advantage of constant or fluctuating Q10-values is discussed in light of the biology of the bat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 107 (1976), S. 201-210 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The previous paper (Borgmann, A., and Moon, 1976) suggested that temperature differentially affected the binding of the substrates phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) and ADP to bat tissue pyruvate kinases (PK) under hibernating and normothermic conditions. Since the regulatory properties of most mammalian type-L PKs are temperature dependent, a study of these properties for the bat enzymes was initiated. M. pectoralis PK ofM. lucifugus is modulator insensitive, although ATP does increase theK m(PEP) slightly (Table 1). This effect is most pronounced at low temperatures for HM-PK (Fig. 1) and may be of some regulatory significance. Modulators affect bat liver PK in a manner analogous to other mammalian type-L enzymes, and marked quantitative differences exist between the NL-and HL-enzymes. TheK m(PEP) is increased only slightly by alanine and ATP (Table 3), althoughV max decreases markedly for NL-PK; fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) decreases theK m(PEP) and overrides the inhibitory action of ATP and alanine (Table 3). As temperature decreases, the proportional change inK m(PEP) with or without effectors is unchanged (Table 3). HL-PK is markedly affected by these modulators. The extent of this interaction, as indicated byn H-values (Table 3) andK i orK a values (Table 2; Figs. 1, 2, 3), between the effectors and the binding of PEP to HL-PK is relatively greater than for the NL-enzyme. However, the temperature sensitivity of these interactions is reduced (Table 3). Therefore, the strategies associated with enzymes of hibernating and normothermic bats are similar to those previously reported by Hochachka and Somero (1973) for certain enzymes of poikilotherms, and argues for the existence of distinct enzyme forms in the two physiological states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 135 (1980), S. 147-156 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The recruitment of muscle fibre types has been investigated in the coalfish (Pollachius virens) using electromyography. Red trunk muscles were active at all swimming speeds examined (0.25–3.6 lengths/s). Interestingly, white fibres were recruited at 0.8–2.0 lengths/s providing evidence that this muscle type is also used during sustained activity. 2. The effect of endurance exercise training on muscle fibre size and enzymes of energy metabolism has also been investigated. Fish were exercised continuously at 2.1 lengths/s for a period of three weeks in an experimental swimming chamber. This swimming speed represents a significant increase in work load relative to non-exercised fish as evidenced by muscle fibre hypertrophy and an increase in creatine kinase activities in both red (184%) and white (260%) muscles. 3. Glycogen storage levels increased to a greater extent in red (+520%) than white (+200%) muscles. Phosphofructokinase activity was eight times higher in the red muscle of exercised fish. In contrast, there was only a small increase in citrate synthetase (+30%) and no change in either hexokinase or cytochrome oxidase activities in the red muscle of trained fish. 4. Increased hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase activities in both muscle types indicate an enhanced capacity for fatty acid catabolism with training. 5. White muscle phosphofructokinase activities were not significantly different in trained and untrained fish. It is likely that the maximum potential of white muscle for anaerobic glycogenolysis is already sufficient to meet all its energy requirements at this swimming speed. 6. The results suggest that the capacity of coalfish red muscle to do aerobic work remains essentially unchanged by endurance exercise training and that any increase in the ability to produce ATP must be met anaerobically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in body index parameters and liver, red muscle and white muscle enzyme profiles have been determined in fed and four month starved plaice,Pleuronectes platessa. The results are compared to other vertebrates to estimate specific tissue metabolic patterns and changes in these patterns with starvation. 1. Liver demonstrates the lowest glycolytic but highest gluconeogenic capacity of the three tissues. Red muscle has little, if any, gluconeogenic potential, based upon low activities of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase and no detectable activities of pyruvate carboxylase. Plaice white skeletal muscle has the highest glycolytic potential of the tissues studied. 2. Plaice starved for four months demonstrate significant reductions in liver-somatic index and red muscle-somatic index, and increases in tissue water contents (Table 1). Enzyme activities generally decline in both muscle types, but are maintained in the liver (Table 2). Activities of liver soluble phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase increase by approximately 8-fold, suggesting that the enzymic response to starvation in plaice is similar to that of mammals. 3. These results suggest that starvation in plaice is associated with both a decrease in spontaneous activity and metabolic capacity of skeletal muscles, and an enhanced potential for liver gluconeogenesis. Also, it is possible that the precursors for liver gluconeogenesis do not form pyruvate as an intermediate step.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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