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T393C polymorphism of GNAS1 associated with the autonomic nervous system in young, healthy Japanese subjects (2004)

Yasuda, Koichiro ; Matsunaga, Tetsuro ; Moritani, Toshio ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Pty

Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology 31 (2004), S. 0

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ISSN: 1440-1681

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine

Notes: 1. T393C polymorphism of the gene encoding the Gs-protein α-subunit (GNAS1) has been reported recently to be associated with hypertension in which dysfunctions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are closely involved. In the present study, the association of this polymorphism with ANS activity was investigated in young, healthy Japanese males.2. Four hundred and one subjects were genotyped for the T393C polymorphism of GNAS1 by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism. Autonomic nervous system activity during supine rest and when standing was assessed in 137 subjects by electrocardiogram R-R interval power spectral analysis.3. One hundred and fifty-four subjects (38.4%) were homozygous for the T allele (TT), 188 (46.9%) were heterozygous (TC) and 59 (14.7%) were homozygous for the C allele (CC). There were no significant differences as to genotype among the clinical characteristics investigated. In power spectral analysis of heart rate variability, the high-frequency component and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) index during supine rest were significantly lower in TT and TC carriers than in CC carriers. Furthermore, the increase in heart rate and the responsiveness of sympathetic nervous system index and PNS index to postural change from supine rest to standing were significantly lower in TT and TC carriers than in CC carriers.4. These observations suggest that the GNAS1 T393C polymorphism is associated with ANS activity in youth, so that it may be useful as a genetic marker for future pathogenesis of hypertension. Follow-up studies are necessary to clarify the prevalence rates of hypertension among 393T allele carriers in the present study.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.04059.x

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Assessment of Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Activities by Means of ECG R-R Interval Power Spectral Analysis and Cardiac Depolarization-Repolarization Process (2000)

Ue, Hidetoshi ; Masuda, Izuru ; Yoshitake, Yasuhide ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology 5 (2000), S. 0

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ISSN: 1542-474X

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Background: Cardiac autonomic dysfunction is prevalent in diabetic patients and associated with prolongation of myocardial repolarization period. It was speculated that changes in autonomic nervous system activity, particularly the sympatho-vagal balance contributes to the prolongation of myocardial repolarization.Methods: Ten patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), thirty patients with diabetes mellitus, and ten control subjects (CONT) volunteered for this study. The patients with diabetes mellitus were further divided into three subgroups according to the severity of neuropathy: patients without any neuropathy (NO), with peripheral neuropathy (N1) and with autonomic neuropathy (N2). ECG activation time (AT), activation recovery interval (ARI), and recovery time (RT) was measured and ECG R-R spectral analysis was performed.Result: There were significant decreases (P 〈 0.01) in RTc in N1, N2, and IHD as compared with CONT and NO. In addition, HI of R-R interval power spectrum were significantly decreased (P 〈 0.01) in N1, N2, and IHD than those in CONT and NO.Conclusion: We have successfully developed and adapted a new computer system for simultaneous ECG RT measurements and ECG R-R power spectral analysis, a putative index of autonomic dysfunction and risk for sudden cardiac death, to study patients with ischemic heart disease and with varying degrees of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Those with little HI power, which reflects more severe diabetic neuropathy and a high risk of sudden cardiac death, had significantly longer RTc, which is consistent with sympatho-vagal imbalance toward parasympathetic denervation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-474X.2000.tb00071.x

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Determination and validity of critical velocity as an index of swimming performance in the competitive swimmer (1992)

Wakayoshi, Kohji ; Ikuta, Komei ; Yoshida, Takayoshi ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 64 (1992), S. 153-157

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Competitive swimming ; Critical swimming velocity ; Onset of blood lactate accumulation ; Maximal oxygen consumption

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary The purpose of this investigation was to test whether the concept of critical power used in previous studies could be applied to the field of competitive swimming as critical swimming velocity (νcrit). The νcrit, defined as the swimming velocity over a very long period of time without exhaustion, was expressed as the slope of a straight line between swimming distance (d lim) at each speed (with six predetermined speeds) and the duration (t lim). Nine trained college swimmers underwent tests in a swimming flume to measure νcrit at those velocities until the onset of fatigue. A regression analysis ofd lim on trim calculated for each swimmer showed linear relationships (r 2〉0.998,P〈0.01), and the slope coefficient signifying νcrit ranged from 1.062 to 1.262 m · s−1 with a mean of 1.166 (SD 0.052) m · s−1. Maximal oxygen consumption ( $$\dot VO_{2\max } $$ ), oxygen consumption ( $$\dot VO_2 $$ ) at anaerobic threshold, and the swimming also velocity at the onset of blood lactate accumulation (νOBLA) were also determined during the incremental swimming test. The νcrit showed significant positive correlations with $$\dot VO_2 $$ at anaerobic threshold (r=0.818,P〈0.01), νOBLA (r=0.949,P〈0.01) and mean velocity of 400m freestyle (r=0.864,P〈0.01). These data suggested that νcrit could be adopted as an index of endurance performance in competitive swimmers.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00717953

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Oxygen availability and motor unit activity in humans (1992)

Moritani, Toshio ; Sherman, W. Michael ; Shibata, Masashi ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 64 (1992), S. 552-556

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Motor unit ; Recruitment ; Rate coding ; Metabolism ; Electromyogram frequency power spectra

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary Six men were studied to determine the interrelationships among blood supply, motor unit (MU) activity and lactate concentrations during intermittent isometric contractions of the hand grip muscles. The subjects performed repeated contractions at 20% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for 2 s followed by 2-s rest for 4 min with either unhindered blood circulation or arterial occlusion given between the 1st and 2nd min. The simultaneously recorded intramuscular MU spikes and surface electromyogram (EMG) data indicated that mean MU spike amplitude, firing frequency and the parameters of surface EMG power spectra (mean power frequency and root mean square amplitude) remained constant during the experiment with unhindered circulation, providing no electrophysiological signs of muscle fatigue. Significant increases in mean MU spike amplitude and frequency were, however, evident during the contractions with arterial occlusion. Similar patterns of significant changes in the surface EMG spectra parameters and venous lactate concentration were also observed, while the integrated force-time curves remained constant. These data would suggest that the metabolic state of the active muscles may have played an important role in the regulation of MU recruitment and rate coding patterns during exercise.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00843767

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Oda, Shingo ; Moritani, Toshio

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 72 (1995), S. 1-5

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Movement-related cortical potentials ; Maximal contraction ; Bilateral deficit

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract We investigated movement-related cortical potentials from motor cortex areas (C3 and C4) and isometric force and electromyogram (EMG) activity in association with maximal bilateral (BL) and unilateral (UL) handgrip contraction in eight right-handed subjects. The BL grip exhibited deficits in force [right, −5.2 (SEM 1.1)%; left, −4.5 (SEM 1.9)%] and EMG [right, −9.5 (SEM 2.2)%; left, −7.6 (SEM 2.5)%] compared with the UL grip. In the UL contractions, the amplitudes of the negative slope [NS′ 2.77 (SEM 0.70) vs 2.40 (SEM 0.76) μV·s for left hand,P 〈 0.05; 2.54 (SEM 0.55) vs 2.23(SEM 0.54) μV·s for right hand,P 〈 0.05 and motor potentials [MP: 1.56 (SEM 0.32) μV.s vs 1.23 (SEM 0.35) μV·s for left hand,P 〈 0.01; 1.44 (SEM 0.32) μV·s vs 1.10 (SEM 0.25) μV·s for right hand,P 〈 0.01] were greater in the contralateral hemisphere. For the BL contractions, the asymmetry of the larger potentials for the contralateral side disappeared and lower symmetrical potentials [NS′, 2.43 (SEM 0.61) μV·s for C3 vs 2.43 (SEM 0.63) μV·s for C4: MP: 1.31 (SEM 0.35) μV·s for C3 vs 1.34 (SEM 0.32) μV·s for C4] were observed. It was concluded that the BL deficit in force and EMG is associated with reduced movement-related cortical potentials suggesting that the bilateral force and (EMG) deficit compared with unilateral hand-grip contractions is caused by a mechanism of interhemispheric inhibition.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00964106

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Effects of combined β-adrenergic and cholinergic blockade on the initial ventilatory response to exercise in humans (1997)

Ishida, Koji ; Hayashi, Tatsuya ; Moritani, Toshio ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 76 (1997), S. 230-235

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Key words Exercise hyperpnoea ; Exercise onset Parasympathetic blockade ; Phase I ; Sympathetic blockade

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract To elucidate whether combined adrenergic and parasympathetic blockade would affect the ventilatory response to exercise, especially at the initial stage (phase I), six healthy subjects performed a brief and light voluntary bilateral leg extension exercise and passive movements under the conditions of control (before the blockade) and after intravenous administration of combined β-adrenergic (propranolol, 0.2 mg · kg−1) and muscarinic (atropine, 0.04 mg · kg−1) receptor antagonists. The movements were continued only within two breaths after the onset of the motion. Ventilation increased immediately and significantly (P〈0.05) within the first breath at the onset of voluntary exercise in all conditions as compared with at rest. However, the magnitude of increase in mean ventilation within two breaths at the start of exercise as against the resting value (delta ventilation) was significantly less (P〈0.05) after the combined blockades (2.5 l · min−1) than in the control condition (3.7 l · min−1). Passive movements showed a similar but smaller change as compared with voluntary exercise. The heart rate response to exercise was attenuated by the combined blockade while cardiac output showed a slight change at the onset of exercise. It is concluded that phase I should occur despite the inhibited activity of the β-adrenergic and the cholinergic systems; nevertheless, the response was attenuated by the combined blockade. These results suggest a possible role of the β-adrenergic and/or cholinergic systems in the rapid increase in ventilation that occurs at the start of exercise.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050241

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Does critical swimming velocity represent exercise intensity at maximal lactate steady state? (1993)

Wakayoshi, Kohji ; Yoshida, Takayoshi ; Udo, Masao ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 66 (1993), S. 90-95

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Competitive swimming ; Critical swimming velocity ; Maximal lactate steady state ; Onset of blood lactate accumulation ; Maximal oxygen uptake

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the critical swimming velocity (ν crit), which is employed in competitive swimming, corresponds to the exercise intensity at maximal lactate steady state.ν crit is defined as the swimming velocity which could theoretically be maintained forever without exhaustion and expression as the slope of a regression line between swimming distances covered and the corresponding times. A total of eight swimmers were instructed to swim two different distances (200 m and 400 m) at maximal effort and the time taken to swim each distance was measured. In the present study,ν crit is calculated as the slope of the line connecting the two times required to swim 200 m and 400 m. vcrit determined by this new simple method was correlated significantly with swimming velocity at 4 mmol · 1−1 of blood lactate concentration (r = 0.914,P 〈 0.01) and mean velocity in the 400m freestyle (r = 0.977,P 〈 0.01). In the maximal lactate steady-state test, the subjects were instructed to swim 1600 m (4 x 400 m) freestyle at three constant velocities (98010, 100% and 102070 ofν crit). At 100%ν crit blood lactate concentration showed a steady-state level of approximately 3.2 mmol · 1− from the first to the third stage and at 98% ofν crit lactate concentration had a tendency to decrease significantly at the fourth stage. On the other hand, at 102% ofν crit, blood lactate concentration increased progressively and those of the third and fourth stages were significantly higher than those at 100% ofν crit (P〈0.05). These data suggest thatν crit, which can be calculated by performing two timed, maximal effort swimming tests, may correspond to the exercise intensity at maximal lactate steady state.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00863406

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Rapid increase in the number of androgen receptors following electrical stimulation of the rat muscle (1993)

Inoue, Kazuo ; Yamasaki, Sho ; Fushiki, Tohru ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 66 (1993), S. 134-140

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Androgen receptor ; Skeletal muscle ; Exercise ; Muscle hypertrophy

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary The changes in the number of androgen receptors in rat gastrocnemius muscle following muscle contraction caused by electrical stimulation were investigated. The gastrocnemius muscle of one leg, which was selected at random for each rat, was stimulated with needle type electrodes, e.g. for 2 s at 10 V and 100 Hz, with 5-s intervals. The contralateral leg was left unstimulated as a control. One set consisted of ten such stimuli, followed by 5-min rest. Three sets every 2 days caused a statistically significant increase in muscle mass, the increase being about 2.5% after the 3rd day of stimulation, 4.4% after the 5th day, 5.9% after the 13th day and 8.3% after the 27th day compared with each control muscle (P〈 0.001 in each case). The protein content also increased but the water content did not change. Stimulation over 4 weeks induced an increase in the area of the cross-section of the muscle fibres to about 30076 more than that of the control muscles, though the total muscle fibre numbers were slightly, but significantly, reduced. Electromechanical properties supported the development of the muscle by stimulation, because the maximal isometric tetanic force and peak twitch force markedly increased in the stimulated muscle. The androgen receptors in the muscle cytosol fraction were determined by means of a binding assay involving [3H]methyltrieno-lone, which is an analogue of testosterone, the number having rapidly increased in the stimulated leg, when compared with that in the control leg, by about 25% after the 3rd day. The increase then slowed down, reaching a plateau after the 5th-day of stimulation. The receptor dissociation constants for [3H]methyltrienolone remained unchanged, i.e. approximately 0.3 to 0.4 nmol throughout the experimental period. These findings suggested that a rapid increase in the number of androgen receptors occurred as an early event for a practical increase in muscle mass and thus it may have contributed in part to the triggering of muscle hypertrophy by enhancing the muscle sensitivity to androgen.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01427054

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Maximal isometric force and neural activity during bilateral and unilateral elbow flexion in humans (1994)

Oda, Shingo ; Moritani, Toshio

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 69 (1994), S. 240-243

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Human muscle ; Maximal contraction ; Electromyographic activity

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract We investigated maximal isometric force and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the biceps brachii muscle during rapid bilateral (BL) and unilateral (UL) elbow flexion in 11 right-handed subjects. The BL exhibited a deficit in force for both arms and more so for the right than the left arm during the rising phase of force generation. The EMG of the left biceps brachii muscle was similar during UL and BL, but for the right arm EMG was lower during BL than during UL for the rising phase of force generation. The BL to UL ratio of mean power frequency of the EMG was lower for the right than for the left arm. The data would suggest that the relatively small BL strength was associated with a equally small EMG and a shift to a lower mean power frequency especially for the fast motor units of the dominant muscle.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01094795

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Further evaluation of physical fitness age versus physiological age in women (1998)

Nakamura, Eitaro ; Moritani, Toshio ; Kanetaka, Akio

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 78 (1998), S. 195-200

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Key words Exercise ; Physiological age ; Physical fitness age ; Women ; Principal component model

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract The present study was conducted to examine further whether adult women who are in a state of high physical fitness possess high physiological functions, and also to investigate whether those who exercise regularly are able to maintain a high quality of various physiological functions. The subjects of this study were 249 healthy Japanese adult women (aged 20–70 years). Of these subjects 30 had jogged or walked regularly for more than 3 years. The physiological ages (PA) and physical fitness ages (FA) of the individuals were estimated from 17 physiological function tests and 5 physical fitness tests, respectively, by principal components analyses. The results indicated that there was a significant correlation between PA and FA (r = 0.76, P 〈 0.01). To examine this relationship in more detail, the subjects were classified into three physical fitness groups (high, normal and low) based on the deviation from the regression line of FA. Comparison of the mean PA among three physical fitness groups revealed that the high physical fitness groups demonstrated a much lower PA (physiologically younger), while the low physical fitness groups showed a relatively higher PA (physiologically older) in spite of their equivalent chronological ages. From this series of studies, a new concept is proposed where different individuals have different peak physiological capacities, but that these capacities change with age at similar rates. It is suggested that interventions such as exercise and a proper diet for promoting health could increase peak functional capacity but have little effect on the rate of decline.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050407

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