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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Sodium cromoglycate ; Children ; Exercise-induced asthma ; Urinary eosinophil protein X excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This double-blind, randomised and cross-over study was designed to compare the preventive effect against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), defined as the percentage decrease in FEV1≥15% after 6 min of exercise, of 2 mg and 10 mg of sodium cromoglycate (SCG), administered through a metered dose inhaler via spacer, in asthmatic children. Each of the 30 subject (age 11.6 ± 3.2 years) was tested on five occasions. For inclusion, EIB in test1 was required. In tests 2 to 5, all subjects inhaled 2 mg or 10 mg of SCG 20 min and 120 min before exercise in a randomised order. In order to assess excretion of eosinophil protein X (EPX) accompanying EIB, urine samples were collected before and after exercise. The mean percentage fall in FEV1 (±SD) in test 1 was 26.8 ± 9.8%. Inhalation of 2 mg and 10 mg of SCG 20 min before exercise provided a significant preventive effect in 83% and 77% and inhalation 120 min before exercise provided a preventive effect in 63% and 70%, respectively (n=30). Variance analysis did not reveal a statistically different absolute fall in FEV1 after exercise when both doses (120 min before exercise) were compared (P=0.356). In an unselected subgroup of 12 children, urinary EPX increased after the challenge without SCG premedication (test 1) (mean change: +48.7 μg/mmol creatinine, P=0.034), whereas no significant increase was found in case of SCG premedication (mean change in μg/mmol creatinine): 2 mg/20 min: +12.1; 2 mg/120 min: +8.5; 10 mg/20 min: −10.4 and 10 mg/120 min: −23.5; P 〉 0.1). Conclusion Administration of 10 mg of sodium cromoglycate is no more effective in preventing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction than 2 mg regardless of whether the medication is given 20 or 120 min before exercise. The preventive effect of sodium cromoglycate on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children is associated with the inhibition of urinary eosinophil protein X excretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1420-911X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de la pollution de l'air intérieur et extérieur sur la prévalence de l'asthme chez l'enfant a été étudié dans la région de Freiburg, RFA et dans deux communes voisinantes de la Forêt Noire. Le collectif de sujets était composé de 704 enfants âgés de 7 à 16 ans. Les mères de famille et leur(s) enfant(s) participaient à un interview standardisé et à un examen clinique. L'évaluation de l'exposition aux polluants intérieurs a été basée sur l'information recueillie lors de l'interview et sur deux index différents: 1) type et nombre de sources de chauffage. 2) la qualité de la ventilation de l'air intérieur. La concentration de dioxide d'azote et la quantité de particules de suie ont été mesurées dans l'air extérieur. La détermination de la prévalence d'asthme a été basée sur les diagnostics antérieurs des médecins traitants et les résultats de l'interview standardisé. D'autres facteurs prédisposant à l'asthme ont été déterminés lors de l'interview (exposition à la fumée de cigarette, prédisposition génétique à l'asthme) et lors de l'examen clinique (présence d'allergie évaluée par test cutané). Les données ont été analysées par une régression logistique et une estimation de «odds ratios». Une corrélation significative a pu être démontrée entre la prévalence d'asthme et l'index de chauffage. Le risque relatif était 4,8 fois plus élevé dans les ménages à source de chauffage multiple comparés à d'autres types de chauffage. Parmi les facteurs prédisposant à l'asthme la sensibilisation dans les tests cutanés augmentait le risque relatif de l'asthme d'un facteur huit.
    Abstract: Summary To examine the possibility of an effect of indoor and outdoor exposures on the prevalence of asthma in childhood we conducted a cross-sectional study in the area of Freiburg city and two communities in the Black Forest. The study group consists of 704 children aged 7 to 16 years. The children and their mothers took part in a standardized interview and a medical examination. Indoor exposures were assessed from information gathered in the interview by two different indices: (a) heating system and single room heating, and (b) the amount of indoor ventilation. The measurement of outdoor pollutants took into account weekly estimations of NO2 and combustion particles. The presence of asthma was recorded according to a previous medical diagnosis. Confounders were assessed during the interview (passive smoking, genetic predisposition to asthma etc.) or during the medical examination (cutaneous sensitization with a skin prick test). For the analysis of the data we applied logistic regression models and estimated odds-ratios. Only one of the four hypothesis variables displays a significant effect on the prevalence of asthma: Stoves as heating device carry a 4,8-fold relative risk for asthma compared to other types of heating. Among the confounding variables controlled for in the explanatory model, cutaneous reactions showed a relative risk of eight.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer Querschnitts-Studie wurde untersucht, ob die Innenraumbelastung—Art der heizung und Ausmass der Ventilation—sowie die Aussenluftbelastung—Stickstoffdioxid-Konzentration und Russpartikeldeposition—unter Kontrolle von Störfaktoren einen Einfluss auf das Vorkommen von Asthma bronchiale im Kindesalter haben. Die Untersuchungsgruppe bestand aus 704 Kindern im Alter von 7 bis 16 Jahren aus Freiburg und zwei Gemeinden im Hochschwarzwald. Das Vorkommen von Bronchialasthma wurde mittels einer standardisierten Befragung der Eltern aufgrund einer vorangehenden ärztlichen Diagnose festgestellt. Die Innenraumbelastungen wurden standardisiert erfragt; die Aussenluftbelastungen wurden aufgrund wöchentlicher Messungen bestimmt. Unter den Störvariablen ist das Vorliegen einer kutanen Sensibilisierung gegenüber Aeroallergenen mittels eines Haut-Prick-Testes ermittelt worden. Die genetische Disposition und andere potentielle Störvariablen ergaben sich aufgrund der Angaben der Eltern. Die Hypothesen sind mittels logistischer Regression und der Schätzung von Odds-Ratios getestet worden. Dabei zeigt sich nur für den Heizungs-Index ein signifikanter Zusammenhang mit Bronchialasthma. Im Falle von Einzelraumheizungen besteht gegenüber anderen Heizungsarten ein etwa 4,8-fach erhöhtes Relatives Risiko an Asthma erkrankt zu sein. Unter den Störvariablen wurde für die kutane Sensibilisierung ein achtfaches relatives Asthmarisiko identifiziert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 26 (1993), S. 229-231 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Keywords: 36.40.+d ; 81.15.Jj ; 81.15.Rs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Langevin Molecular Dynamics Simulations have been performed in order to understand thin film formation by impact of energetic clusters. The impact of Mo1024 clusters on a Mo surface is simulated at kinetic energies between 1 and 10 eV per atom. The results are in qualitative agreement with the experiments. Due to the high temperature induced locally at the impact zone, the method can be used to form compact, smooth, and strongly adhering thin films on room temperature substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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