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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Tetrahedron Letters 26 (1985), S. 5375-5378 
    ISSN: 0040-4039
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Tetrahedron 40 (1984), S. 1313-1324 
    ISSN: 0040-4020
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 377 (1992), S. 211-215 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Sonography ; Blunt abdominal trauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vom 1. Juli 1989 bis zum 30. Juni 1991 wurden 312 Patienten mit stumpfem Bauch- oder Thoraxtrauma prospektiv erfaβt. Es handelte sich um 231 Mdnner und 81 Frauen im Alter von 15-88 Jahren (durchschnittlich 39,9 Jahre). Das Sonographieteam bestand aus einem erfahrenen Sonographen (〉 4000 Untersuchungen) und 3 Anfängern (〈 200 Untersuchungen zu Beginn der Studie). Der erfahrene Sonograph untersuchte 168, die Anfdnger zusammen 144 Patienten. Die Verteilung der Patienten erfolgte zufdllig und ohne Berück-sichtigung des Verletzungsausmaβes aufgrund des Dienstplans. Die Untersuchungen wurden im Rahmen der Primärdiagnostik mittels eines mobilen Schallgeräts in der chirurgischen Notfallstation durchgeführt. Sie bestanden in je 4 sonographischen Schnitten (rechter und linker, lateraler Längsschnitt; suprapubischer und epigastrischer Querschnitt) und dauerten ungefähr 2 min. Klinische Anzeichen für ein stumpfes Bauchtrauma konnten nur bei 64 Fallen gefunden werden, während bei 153 Patienten die klinischen Befunde wegen Intubation und Relaxation oder Paraplegic nicht verwerthar waren. Sensitivität und Spezifität der Sonographie für die Entdeckung von intraabdominaler Flüssigkeit betrug je 100 % beim Erfahrenen, respektive 96 und 100 % bei den Anfängern. Organläsionen konnten sonographisch durch den Erfahrenen bei 45 % und durch die Anfänger bei 36% der Fdlle dargestellt werden. Der erfahrene Sonograph diagnostizierte fälschlicherweise bei einem Patienten freies, intraabdominales Gas, welches radiologisch und durch den Verlauf nicht bestätigt werden konnte. Die Anfänger übersahen eine Milzruptur mit intraabdominaler Blutung, welche am 4. Tag durch Computertomographie entdeckt wurde. Je eine Milz-und Leberruptur wurden wegen des Fehlens einer intraabdominalen Blutung übersehen. Das Ziel der primären, sonographischen Untersuchung des traumatisierten Patienten ist der Nachweis von freier Flussigkeit. Angesichts unserer Resultate schieβen wir, daß eine beschränkte sonographische Erfahrung von ca. 200 Untersuchungen für die Diagnostik freier intraabdominaler Flussigkeit ausreicht.
    Notes: Summary Between July, 1st 1989 and June, 30th 1991, 312 patients were entered into a prospective study concerning the reliability of sonographic evidence in blunt abdominal trauma. There were 231 male and 81 female patients aged between 15 and 88 years (mean: 39.9 years). The sonographic team consisted of one experienced sonographer/surgeon (〉4000 examinations) and 3 sonographic beginners (〈 200 examinations at the start of the study). The experienced sonographer and the beginners examined 168 and 144 patients, respectively. Patient distribution to the two groups was done according to the sonographic duty roster without consideration of injury severity. The examination was performed with a mobile ultrasound unit at the surgical intake as part of the primary diagnostic work-up. It consisted of four sonographic views (right and left lateral longitudinal, suprapubic and epigastric transverse view) and took about 2 min. Clinical evidence supporting blunt abdominal trauma could only be found in 64 cases, while in 153 patients physical examination was equivocal due to assisted ventilation or paraplegia. Sensitivity and specificity for the clinical examination amounted to 80.6% and 44.5%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for the sonographic finding of intraabdominal liquid were 100 % each for the experienced sonographer and 96% and 100%, respectively for the beginners. Organ lesions were demonstrated with a sensitivity and specificity of 45 % and 99 % by the experienced and 36% and 100% by the beginners. The experienced sonographer misdiagnosed one case of free intraabdominal gas, which could not be corroborated both by clinical and radiological evidence. The patient was not operated on. The beginners misdiagnosed one ruptured spleen with intraabdominal liquid demonstrated on the 4th day after admission on CT-scan. Again no operation was necessary. One rupture of the liver and one rupture of the spleen each were missed by the beginners due to a lack of intraabdominal fluid. In the first case this was due to lethal blood loss through a ruptured thoracic aorta, in the second case the tear was so superficial it was quickly sealed by a clot. The goal of the primary sonographic examination in blunt abdominal trauma is the demonstration of intraabdominal liquid. Considering these results, we conclude that only limited sonographic experience is needed for the diagnosis of intraabdominal liquid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 19 (1936), S. 1029-1033 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 57 (1974), S. 2224-2233 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reversible photointerconversion in the above system was investigated in a wide range of temperatures and wavelengths of irradiation. The tetrahydropyrenes are obtainable only photochemically. The unmethylated and the mono-methylated compound are oxidized with iodine quantitatively to 4,5-dihydropyrene, even at -30°. This makes it possible to estimate the absolute concentration of the tetrahydropyrenes, and thereby their molar extinction coefficients and complete electronic absorption spectra. The quantum yields in both directions do not vary appreciably with the temperature, down to -190°. This is the first case in which the photocyclization yield of a cis-stilbenelike compound is not attenuated on cooling, and reflects the special character of highly constrained structures. No emission was observed in solution. 1H-NMR.-spectra of both modifications of the dimethylated compound were taken. They support the structures assumed for both modifications, and also allow an estimate of their relative concentrations.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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