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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 7973-7980 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The influence of the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode surface acido basicity on organic electroluminescent device characteristics is studied. As measured by photoelectron spectroscopy, acid and base treatments produce large work function shifts of the oxide compared to standard ITO treated by an oxygen plasma or water. The current onsets for triphenyldiamine (TPD) single layer diodes sandwiched between ITO and a silver electrode are in qualitative agreement with the work function of the hole injecting oxide electrode. However, saturated photovoltage measurements on single layer diodes built on acid and water treated ITO disagree with the work function obtained from photoelectron experiments. This is explained by protonation of the diamine layer close to the electrode surface producing a charged double layer. It suggests that even acidic surface hydroxyl groups of the oxide electrode are able to protonate the diamine layer, explaining the importance of plasma cleaning to remove surface hydroxyls. The same ITO treatments are investigated in tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq) aluminum single layer diodes as well as hybrid TPD/Alq light emitting devices. Implications of metal–oxide surface acido basicity on electrode treatment and molecular material design are discussed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 75 (1999), S. 1799-1801 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A straightforward and general method to pattern organic light-emitting devices is demonstrated that entirely obviates the need for patterning either the organic electroactive material or the electrodes. The technique takes advantage of elastomeric stamp patterning of indium tin oxide electrodes using simple surface chemistry. A base reacts with the oxide surface to form a double ionic layer that drastically inhibits the ability to inject positive charge carriers from the oxide anode. We have achieved remarkably high contrast ratios (〉105) in the technologically-useful hybrid triphenyl diamine and 8-(hydroxyquinoline) aluminum light-emitting diode. Furthermore, the adsorbed double layer shows excellent stability even when the device is driven beyond the damage threshold. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999), S. 880-882 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on the chemical adsorption of acids and bases on indium tin oxide (ITO). Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy was used to measure the work function of the treated ITO and atomic surface concentrations were determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The acid treatments yield work-function shifts as high as 0.7 eV compared to the nontreated ITO. Huge shifts in the work function are also obtained for the treatments with bases and are opposite to those obtained with the acids. These dramatic shifts are indicative of a double ionic surface layer. The importance of an appropriate plasma treatment prior to the chemical adsorption of acids or bases is discussed in terms of surface acido-basicity. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An X-ray diffraction study of the crystals of 5-[2-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolidene)]ethylidenerhodanine N-acetic acid (1, solvate with dimethylsulfoxide), lithium 5-[2-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolidene)]ethylidenerhodanine N-acetate (2, solvate with water and dimethylformamide) and sodium 5-[2-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolidene]ethylidenerhodanine N-acetate (3, octahydrate) have been carried out at 295 K. Crystal data for (1): C16H14N2O3S3.C2H6OS, Mr = 456.6, triclinic, a = 7.664 (6), b = 9.874 (8), c = 14.851 (8) Å, α = 101.71 (5), β = 90.45 (5), γ = 102.27 (5)°, V = 1074 (1) Å3, space group P{\bar 1}, Z = 2, F(000) = 476, Dx = 1.412 g cm−3, μ(MoKα) = 0.469 mm−1, R = 0.0698 for 1688 reflections with F 〉 6σ(F); for (2): Li+.C16H13N2O3S−3.2H2O.1.5C3H7NO, Mr = 530.1, triclinic, a = 7.249 (5), b = 10.773 (6), c = 16.433 (13) Å, α = 87.66 (6), β = 85.22 (6), γ = 77.04 (6)°, V = 1246 (1) Å3, space group P1, Z = 2, F(000) = 556, Dx = 1.413 g cm−3, μ(Mo Kα) = 0.342 mm−1, R = 0.0551 for 2360 reflections with F 〉 6σ(F); for (3): Na+.C16H13N2O3S−3.8H2O, Mr = 544.6, monoclinic, a = 46.209 (12), b = 7.005 (3), c = 16.583 (8) Å, β = 109.45 (4)°, V = 5061 (6) Å3, space group C2/c, Z = 8, F(000) = 2288, Dx = 1.429 Mg m−3, μ(Mo Kα) = 0.365 mm−1, R = 0.0440 for 2680 reflections with F 〉 6σ(F). Crystals (1) and (2) are built up of stacks of head-to-tail oriented molecules and anions, respectively, which have alternating interplanar separations of 3.41 (1) and 3.46 (1) Å for (1), and 3.38 (1) and 3.45 (1) Å, for (2) (so-called H aggregation of dye). The Li+ cations and solvent molecules form the cationic layers in crystal (2), alternating with the anionic layers along the c direction. The shifted head-to-head oriented anions in crystal (3) form uniform stacks along the b axis at the interplanar separation of 3.39 (1) Å (so called J aggregation of dye). The stacks are arranged in bilayers with the O atoms on the outer surfaces of the bilayers. The inorganic layers situated between the anionic organic bilayers consist of extended chains of distorted edge-shared polyhedra of Na+ cations and water molecules. The O atoms on the outer surfaces of the bilayers do not participate in the direct ionic interactions with the Na+ cations. The structure and stability of layered organic inorganic structures with internal surfaces are discussed by means of the crystal structures of (1)–(3) and literature data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: PACS. 73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions - 73.61.Ph Polymers; organic compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: Charge injection into an organic semiconductor can be improved by using a self-assembled monolayer of functionalized molecules grafted on the electrode. This new interface can be designed in order to reduce the Schottky barrier between the conductive electrode and the organic semiconductor. The polarizability of the molecules involved can also be chosen in order to increase the adhesion of the molecular semiconductor onto the electrode. We present Kelvin Probe experiments and saturated photovoltage measurements performed on a number of such derivatized electrodes. They permit a quantitative description of the potential shifts due to the self-assembled monolayers which are related to the electrical dipoles of the individual molecules constituting them. When conjugated sites contributing to the band states of the organic semiconductor are placed too close to the electrode in the negative part of the image-force potential, two new effects unfavorable to charge injection can appear. We demonstrate that it is convenient to separate the attachment group of the molecule from the conjugated core by a spacer of non-conjugated sites in order to reduce these undesirable effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sozial- und Präventivmedizin 25 (1980), S. 308-308 
    ISSN: 1420-911X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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