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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amino acid sequence of a carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potatoes (1975)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 14 (1975), S. 1334-1342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00677a036
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the amino acid sequence of the C-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment of actin by computer-assisted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (1973)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 95 (1973), S. 7162-7164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00802a048
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer-assisted assignment of retention indexes in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and its application to mixtures of biological origin (1974)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 46 (1974), S. 426-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60339a003
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    4-Methylpyrazole partially ameliorated the teratogenicity of retinol and reduced the metabolic formation of all-trans-retinoic acid in the mouse (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 66 (1992), S. 652-659 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Teratogenicity in vivo ; Retinol ; Pharmacokinetics ; all-trans Retinoic acid ; Biotransformation ; Alcohol dehydrogenase ; 4-Methylpyrazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Oral administration of retinol (50 mg/kg) to NMRI mice on day 11 of gestation (vaginal plug = day 0) led to the metabolic formation of high quantities of all-trans retinoic acid and all-trans-4-oxoretinoic acid, both known as potent teratogenic agents in the mouse. A 96% reduction of the area under the concentration-versus-timecurve (AUC) of metabolically generated alltrans retinoic acid in maternal plasma, and an 84% decrease in the embryonic AUC were observed when mice had been pretreated with the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole. A similar reduction was observed for the major metabolite of all-trans retinoic acid in the mouse, all-trans-4-oxoretinoic acid. However, 4-methylpyrazole pretreatment decreased the AUC of retinol by 10% in maternal plasma and 15% in embryo. Treatment with retinol alone resulted in 55.6%, 43.9% and 56.0% skeletal anomalies of the forelimbs, hindlimbs and craniofacial structures, respectively. Pretreatment with 4-methylpyrazole lowered the retinol induced skeletal defects to 31.3%, 24.0% and 31.3%, respectively, in the forelimb, hindlimb and craniofacial region. Typical retinoid-induced malformations for gestational day 11, e.g. bent or reduced zeugopod or stylopod elements, or cleft palate, were significantly reduced by 4-methylpyrazole pretreatment but were still detected in significantly higher prevalence than in control mice. These data suggest that the teratogenic activity of a single high dose of vitamin A in mouse is partially but not exclusively dependent on the metabolic activation of retinol to all -trans retinoic acid. Thus it could be hypothesized that retinol is either a proximate teratogen or a coteratogen with all -trans retinoic acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01981505
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vitamin A supplementation increases levels of retinoic acid compounds in human plasma: possible implications for teratogenesis (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 64 (1990), S. 502-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Retinol ; Retinoic acid ; Isotretinoin ; Teratogenic risk of vitamin A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The concentrations of retinoic acid compounds were monitored by a newly developed highly sensitive HPLC procedure in plasma of six volunteers who received 833 IU vitamin A per kg body weight per day during a 20-day period. There was a significant increase of alltrans-retinoic acid (two-fold), 13-cis-retinoic acid (7-fold) and 13-cis-4-oxoretinoic acid (5-fold) over endogenous plasma levels of these retinoids. The same compounds had previously been found after treatment with the teratogenic drug isotretinoin (Roaccutan, Accutane). Our results raise the possibility that high vitamin A intake may carry a teratogenic risk attributable to increased levels of retinoic acid compounds generated from retinol by metabolic processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01977634
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine and cotinine concentrations in the milk of smoking mothers: influence of cigarette consumption and diurnal variation (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 146 (1987), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Smoking ; Nursing ; Nicotine concentrations ; Cotinine concentrations ; Diurnal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between nicotine and cotinine concentrations in mother's milk (including 24 h profiles) and the number of cigarettes consumed was studied. A total of 206 milk samples were collected from 34 nursing, smoking mothers. The mothers were distributed into three groups: Group I (1–10 cigarettes/day), group II (11–20 cigarettes/day) and group III (21–40 cigarettes/day). Milk samples from all nursing periods of a 24 h interval were collected. Nicotine and cotinine concentrations were measured by specific gas chromatographic techniques. The average milk nicotine and cotinine concentrations over a 24 h interval in the three groups were as follows: group I, 18±16 and 76±33 ng/ml; group II, 28±21 and 125±60 ng/ml; group III, 48±25 and 230±62 ng/ml (means ± SD). Over a time interval of 24 h the nicotine concentrations varied greatly in the milk of smoking mothers, while the cotinine concentrations remained relatively constant. Because of the great intra- and inter-individual variations in the nicotine concentrations, the influence of the number of cigarettes smoked on the nicotine concentration in milk was most apparent if nicotine concentrations were measured repeatedly over a prolonged time interval. Our results indicate that the exposure of the nursed infant to nicotine and cotinine via milk depends on the daily cigarette consumption but also on individual smoking habits; the time of smoking, smoking frequency prior to nursing, and the time interval between nursing and the last cigarette.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647276
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Placental transfer and pharmacokinetics of primidone and its metabolites phenobarbital, PEMA and hydroxyphenobarbital in neonates and infants of epileptic mothers (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 31-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: primidone ; phenobarbital ; placental transfer ; PEMA ; neonatal metabolism ; aminopyrine demethylation ; renal clearance ; breast milk ; withdrawal symptoms ; GC-MS analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The placental transfer of primidone and its metabolites phenobarbital, phenylethylmalondiamide (PEMA) and p-hydroxyphenobarbital (free and conjugated) has been investigated at birth in 14 epileptic women who had been treated with primidone throughout pregnancy. All drugs studied were found in similar concentrations in maternal and cord blood. In seven of the newborns the pharmacokinetics of these drugs were studied during the first postnatal weeks. Primidone and phenobarbital were eliminated with mean half-lives of 23±10 h and 113±40 h, respectively, PEMA with 35±6 h. In some neonates the serum concentrations of phenobarbital and PEMA increased during the first few days due to their formation by neonatal primidone metabolism. Some babies showed a biphasic elimination pattern with elimination rates increasing after a few days. Although half-lives varied greatly, they corresponded well with renal clearance values and aminopyrine demethylase activities as measured by13CO2-exhalation from13C-labelled aminopyrine. Two newborns whose mothers had been treated with phenytoin in addition to primidone, showed half-lives, renal clearance values and aminopyrine demethylase activities well within the corresponding ranges for adults, thus demonstrating prenatal induction. Newborns whose mothers had been treated with valproate as comedication, did not exhibit elevated excretion rates as compared to newborns of mothers who were treated with primidone alone. Withdrawal symptoms developed in two newborns at times when primidone had been essentially excreted, and in spite of the presence of elevated phenobarbital and PEMA levels. All drugs studied were also present in mothers' milk. During breast feeding, drugs ingested with the milk contributed to the neonate's blood levels, particularly in the case of phenobarbital.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561476
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Placental transfer of etozolin and ozolinone during the first half of gestation in man (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 253-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: etozolin ; ozolinone ; pregnancy ; placental transfer ; fetal distribution ; serum level ; placental level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The placental transfer of etozolin and its pharmacologically active metabolite ozolinone was studied in 48 patients during the first (44 patients) and second (4 patients) trimester. 24 patients received a single oral dose of etozolin 400 mg 2–20 h prior to interruption of pregnancy by curettage or prostaglandin infusion. 24 other patients received 3 oral doses of etozolin 400 mg (11 patients) or 800 mg (13 patients) on 3 consecutive days, and pregnancy was terminated 2–10 h after the last dose. The fetal tissue/maternal serum and placental tissue/maternal serum ratios of etozolin and ozolinone were found to lie between 0.3 and 0.6. The serum levels were lower in pregnant than in non-pregnant patients. The low placental and fetal concentrations of etozolin and ozolinone suggest that these drugs may prove useful when a diuretic is indicated in the treatment of oedema and hypertension during pregnancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547564
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The disposition of valproate and its metabolites in the late first trimester and early second trimester of pregnancy in maternal serum, urine, and amniotic fluid: Effect of dose, co-medication, and the presence of spina bifida (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 43 (1992), S. 381-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Valproate, Pregnancy ; metabolism, spina bifida aperta, amniotic fluid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied 52 pregnancies in epileptic women taking long-term valproate and have measured the concentrations of the parent compound and 13 of its metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in amniotic fluid, maternal serum, and 24 h maternal urine samples. All metabolites of valproate present in the serum could also be detected in the amniotic fluid, although at much lower concentrations. Amniotic fluid concentrations of valproate and several of its metabolites ((E)Δ2-valproate, (2E,3′E)Δ2,3'-valproate, and 3-keto-valproate) correlated with total valproate concentrations as well as with unbound valproate concentrations in maternal serum. We suggest that the amniotic fluid acts as a deep compartment, with slow appearance and disappearance of valproate and its main metabolites. The data further suggest that during the first and early second trimesters of pregnancy theβ-oxidation of valproate decreases. In pregnancies associated with fetal neural tube defects (n = 5) significantly higher daily doses of valproate were used compared with normal pregnancies (n = 47). This resulted in higher concentrations of valproate in maternal serum. However, the metabolite patterns in maternal serum, 24 h urine samples, and amniotic fluid did not show any significant differences in pregnancies with neural tube defects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220613
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optic nerve trauma: Clinical, electrophysiological and histological remarks (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 89 (1987), S. 16-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 18 patients with post-traumatic visual disease of the optic nerve are presented. In the post-traumatic stage, visual evoked potentials were monitored. In amaurosis there was a high incidence of midface or frontobasal fractures. The severity of the trauma is not correlated with the severity of visual deficits. Flash evoked potential (FEP) findings were different: In most cases there was a correlation of clinical and FEP findings. In some we found false positive potentials in the acute stage. In smaller visual field deficits the alterations of FEP could not be correlated with the clinical disorders. FEP alterations depended on time. The pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed in regard to the pathological findings in 51 unselected autopsies with an investigation of the visual pathway from the intraorbital optic nerve to the visual cortex. Because of the different morphological alterations the clinical, neurological and ophthalmological examination should be followed by standard CT scanning to evaluate intracranial haematomas and by CT scanning with thin slices of the optic nerves and the soft tissue of the orbit. Visual evoked potentials (VEP) and in the unconscious patient, flash evoked potentials (FEP) do not give much more security for therapeutic decisions in comparison with former times. The histological findings do not support the hypothesis that operative decompression is successful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01406662
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