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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of cisapride on human fasting gallbladder volume: A real-time ultrasonographic study (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 29 (1986), S. 631-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cisapride ; gallbladder motility ; acetylcholine release ; gallbladder volume ; healthy subjects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of cisapride, a new non-antidopaminergic agent, on human gallbladder volume has been studied in nine normal subjects. In a double-blind crossover fashion, each subject was given a slow i.v. injection of cisapride and placebo after 12-h fasting. Gallbladder volume was monitored every 15 min for 90 min by real-time ultrasonography. After cisapride, gallbladder volume significantly diminished, with a mean reduction of 22.9±5%, observed 30 min after injection, whereas no significant changes were noted after placebo. A cholinergic mechanism is proposed to explain the effect of cisapride on gallbladder volume.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00635906
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of cholinergic agonists and antagonists on gallbladder volume in fasting man (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 33 (1987), S. 151-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: atropine ; bethanechol ; prostigmine ; gallbladder volume ; real-time ultrasonography ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of direct cholinergic stimulation and blockade on gallbladder volume, determined by real-time ultrasonography (RUS), was evaluated in twenty normal, fasting subjects. Eleven subjects received atropine sulphate or placebo and 9 subjects a series of 3 injection of prostigmine, bethanechol or placebo, randomly assigned, at intervals of 24 h. RUS was performed under basal conditions after fasting for 12 h and every 5 min after drug injection up to 45 min in the atropine study and up to 60 min after prostigmine and bethanechol. There was no significant variation from fasting gallbladder volume after placebo in either group. After atropine sulphate gallbladder volume at first decreased and then significantly increased. With bethanechol and prostigmine, the volume fell significantly to a trough after 30 to 35 min, and then it returned to the basal value within 60 min. It is suggested that cholinergic mediation is involved in maintaining fasting tone in the gallbladder and that cholinergic stimulation causes contraction of the gallbladder by a direct effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00544559
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman scattering by hot and thermal polaritons in crystal quartz (1984)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 4 (1984), S. 453-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Infra-red and Raman spectra and scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Mescolamento non lineare di radiazioni IR e visibile, cioè diffusione Raman coerente da polaritoni generati da un laser a CO2, è stato utilizzato per ottenere la curva di dispersione e la sua larghezza nello spazio dei momentiq del polaritone associato al fonone a 1065 cm−1, di simmetriaE, in un cristallo di quarzo. Si mostra nell'articolo che è possibile ottenere, in questo modo, un metodo diretto per determinare, con grande precisione, l'indice di rifrazione e l'assorbanza di un cristallo. I risultati sono confrontati con dati sperimentali assai accurati ottenuti mediante diffusione Raman dei polaritoni in equilibrio termico; si trova un ottimo accordo tra i risultati delle due misure. Si mostra infine che tali tecniche di mescolamento non lineare sono del tutto compatibili con un semplice modello di diffusione di luce da polaritoni pompati.
    Abstract: Резюме Исполйзуется нелинейное смешивание инфракрасного и видимого излучений, т.е. когерентное романовскоие рассеяние на поляритонах, образованных CO2 лазером, для получения дисперсионной кривой и ее ширины вq-пространстве поляритонов, связанных сE-фононом при 1065 см−1, в кристаллическом кварце. В статйе показывается, что в таком полходе может быть получен прямой метод для независимого определения показателя преломления и поглощения кристалла с высокой точностью. Полученные результаты сравниваются с данными для рамановского рассеяния на поляритонах в тепловом равновесии. Получается очень хорошее согласие между двумя измерениями. Показывается, что техника нелинейного смешивания согласуется с простой картиной рассеяния света на горячих поляритонах.
    Notes: Summary Nonlinear mixing of IR and visible radiation,i.e. coherent Raman scattering by polaritons driven by a CO2 laser, has been used to obtain the dispersion curve and its width inq-space of the polariton associated to theE-phonon at 1065 cm−1 in crystal quartz. It is shown in this paper that a direct method to determine indipendently, with high precision, the refractive index and absorbance of a crystal can be obtained in this way. The results are compared with accurate data obtained from Raman scattering by polaritions in thermal equilibrium and very good agreement is found between the two measurements. It is finally shown that nonlinear-mixing techniques turn out to be completely consistent with the simple picture of scattering of light by hot polaritons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02450603
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the pair polarizability of argon from the two-body cis spectrum
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Chemical Physics Letters 59 (1978), S. 537-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2614
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0009-2614(78)85036-2
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Receptor-Mediated Increases in Phosphatidylinositol Turnover in Neuron-Like Cell Lines (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 40 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Muscarinic receptors found in the N IE-115 mouse neuroblastoma cell line were tested for their ability to mediate stimulation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover. This study was facilitated by the development of a new solvent system (acetone: butanol: acetic acid: water, 5: 5: 1: 1) for the rapid and consistent separation of PI by one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Cholinergic stimulation caused as much as a 680% increase in the incorporation of 32P into PI. Enhanced incorporation of 32P into PI could be measured as early as 4 min after stimulation began. By 20 min, the rate of incorporation by stimulated cells had decreased to that of unstimulated cells, indicating desensitization. The magnitude of the response was dependent on the extent of receptor occupancy and the response elicited by a saturating dose of carbamylcholine was blocked completely by 10−7 M at-ropine, a specific muscarinic antagonist. Chronic stimulation, known to cause a loss of receptor binding sites, led to a 90% decrease in the maximum response even after a 40-min withdrawal period. Replacement of Na+ ions in the medium with choline or K+ severely impaired the ability of the cells to incorporate added 32P into PI (90 and 50%, respectively). Removal of the putative second messenger Ca2+ for short periods of time by the addition of excess EGTA did not alter either basal or muscarinic-stimulated PI turnover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb11317.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vascular endothelial growth factor up-regulation and bronchial wall remodelling in asthma (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background There is increasing in vitro evidence to support a role for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a major regulator of angiogenesis, as a mediator of fibrosis associated with neovascularization.Objective We tested the hypothesis that VEGF is involved both in increased airway mucosal vascularity and in the subepithelial fibrosis of asthmatic patients.Methods Bronchial biopsies were performed in 24 asthmatic patients and eight healthy controls. Immunostaining, using computerized image analysis, was performed using monoclonal antibodies against VEGF+ cells, type IV collagen, to outline the basement membrane thickness, and tryptase and EG2, to identify mast cells and eosinophils, respectively.Results The counts of VEGF+ cells (P〈0.05), mast cells and EG2+ cells (both P〈0.01) were higher in asthmatics than in controls. The number of vessels, the vascular area in the lamina propria, and the basement membrane thickness were significantly higher in asthmatics than in healthy volunteers (P〈0.01). Moreover, in asthmatic patients, the number of VEGF+ cells was significantly related to the number of vessels (P〈0.01), to mast cells (P〈0.01) and to basement membrane thickness (P〈0.01). A colocalization study also revealed that mast cells were a relevant cellular source of VEGF. High doses of inhaled fluticasone propionate significantly reduced VEGF+ cells (P〈0.05), vessel number (P〈0.05), vascular area (P〈0.05) and basement membrane thickness (P〈0.05) in a subgroup of asthmatic patients.Conclusions This study shows that VEGF, in addition to being involved in the vascular component of airway remodelling, may play a role in the thickening of the basement membrane in asthma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02360.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induced sputum to assess airway inflammation: a study of reproducibility (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 27 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Infiltration of the airways mucosa with activated inflammatory cells appears to be a major factor in the pathogenesis of asthma and other airway diseases. Examination of sputum provides a direct method to investigate airway inflammation non-invasively.Objectives The aim of the present study was to evaluate the reproducibility of cell counts on cytospins and fluid phase (eosinophil cationic protein, ECP) measurements in a selected portion of induced sputum. We aimed to confirm the validity of the tecnique by comparing measurements between stable asthmatics, allergic rhinithis and healthy subjects.Methods Sputum was induced with hypertonic saline (4.5%) twice within one week in 53 stable asthmatics, 16 subjects with seasonal rhinitis (out of the pollen season), and 19 healthy subjects. Reproducibility was examined within sample (two different plugs of the same sample) between sample (two specimens of induced sputum obtained within one week) and between examiners on stable subjects taking into account sample size, number of examinations per patients and Confidence Interval (CI) of the estimates.Results We have found that the method is highly reproducible within sample and between examiners for all types of cells and fluid phase measurements of ECP. It is reproducible between sample for eosinophils, macrophages, neutrophils and ECP, but not for lymphocytes and weakly for epithelial cells. Sputum from asthmatics, in comparison with the sputum of healthy subjects and subjects with rhinitis had higher eosinophils (asthmatics: 12.2%± 12.9, rhinitis: 0.4 ± 0.8, normals: 0.4 ± 0.7(%) and ECP (asthmatics: 827 ± 491 μg/L, rhinitis: 127 ± 82 normals: 157 ± 203). No significant differences were found between healthy subjects and subjects with rhinitis. Eosinophil counts were inversely correlated with FEV1 (r=−0.37) expressed as percentage of predicted, but not significantly correlated with PC20 methacholine (r =−0.28) or blood eosinophils (r = 0.26).Conclusions The importance of this study is the confirmation, within important statistical guidelines for a study of reproducibility, that the methods examined are reproducible and valid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01150.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrophysiological Consequences of Hypothermic Hyperkalemic Elective Cardiac Arrest (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of cardiac surgery 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-8191
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract While the development of pharmacological cardioplegic solutions for myocardial protection during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have significantly lengthened the safe operating time for cardiac surgical procedures, the introduction of hypothermic hyperkalemic cardioplegia (CPG) has markedly increased the incidence of postoperative arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities. Using a customized modification of a computerized mapping system, we have developed a large animal porcine model of CPB that is exquisitely sensitive to the electrophysiological (EP) derangements imposed by ischemia and cardiac arrest. This model is able to measure spatial and temporal parameters of ventricular activation with high resolution, using an array of up to 84 epicardial electrodes that can be reproducibly placed on the surface of the heart utilizing known epicardial anatomical markers (e.g., coronary arteries). With this system we have measured the spectrum of clinically observed EP disturbances caused by CPG, from slowed intraventricular conduction to complete heart block. Compared to the control group of hypothermia alone, 2 hours of crystalloid CPG arrest had a significant slowing effect on ventricular activation (p 〈 0.05). CPG was accompanied, in each animal, by profound changes in the spatial distribution of ventricular activation and persistent slowing of ventricular activation. Traditional EP parameters of effective refractory period and pacing threshold were unchanged by CPG. Smaller temporal and spatial changes were observed in the control group, but were always reversed by 90 minutes of warm reperfusion. We conclude that CPG induces injury of the specialized conducting system and, to a lesser degree, the myocardium. This model will afford us the opportunity to test new methods of CPG to further improve myocardial preservation during CPB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8191.1993.tb00366.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium Current in Single Human Cardiac Myocytes (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 4 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-8167
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Calcium Current in Human Heart. Introduction: Significant species-, issue-, and age-dependent differences have been described for the L-type calcium current (ICa). Therefore, extrapolation data obtained from the many animal models to human cardiac physiology is difficult. In this study, we have characterized the voltage-dependent properties of ICa from pediatric and adult, atrial and ventricular human heart tissue. Methods and Results: ICa, was measured in single human heart muscle cells using the “whole cell,” voltage clamp method. Single myocytes were isolated from myocardial specimens obtained intraoperatively from both pediatric and adult patients (ages 3 months to 75 years) undergoing cardiac surgery. Cells obtained for these experiments appeared to be healthy; the resting potential was between -80 and -85 mV. The action potential shape and duration and current-voltage relationship for 1Ca were similar to that reported by others for human heart cells. The steady-state activation variable, dx was found to be similar in both pediatric atrial and ventricular cells but shifted approximately 5 mV negative in the adult atrial and ventricular cells. I, of all cells displayed biex-ponential inactivation and steady-state inactivation was incomplete at positive potentials (steady-state inactivation curves turned up at positive potentials) consistent with inactivation arising from voltage-dependent and calcium-dependent processes as reported in heart cells from many species. The potential of maximal inactivation was more negative for adult cells (around -10 mV) than pediatric cells (around 0 mV). Estimates of the calcium “window” current, using a modified Hodgkin-Huxlcy model, could explain measured differences in action potential shape and duration. Conclusion: Human cardiac I, can be investigated using whole cell, voltage clamp methods and a modified Hodgkin-Huxley model. Quantitative characterization of many of the properties of ICa in human heart tissue suggests that important species differences do exist and that further investigations are required to characterize the dependence of inactivation on [Ca2+]i in human heart cells. Since the array of characteristics of ICa in different species varies, the study of human myocardial cells per se continues to be important when examining human cardiac physiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.1993.tb01281.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of antibiotic sensitivity testing before first-line Helicobacter pylori eradication treatments (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 18 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : The resistance of Helicobacter pylori to antibiotics has been advocated as a major cause of treatment failure, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing has been proposed to improve efficacy; however, its role before first-line therapy has not been investigated in detail.Aim : To assess whether antimicrobial sensitivity testing improves the eradication rate of first-line anti-Helicobacter treatments and to compare the effectiveness of ranitidine bismuth citrate and omeprazole in the presence of H. pylori resistance to antibiotics.Methods : Two hundred and forty-two patients were assigned to either empirical or antimicrobial sensitivity testing-based treatment; within each group, subjects were further randomized to receive ranitidine bismuth citrate, 400 mg b.d., tinidazole, 500 mg b.d., and clarithromycin, 500 mg b.d., or omeprazole, 20 mg b.d., clarithromycin, 500 mg b.d., and amoxicillin, 1 g b.d., for 1 week, with substitution of the resistant antibiotic in the antimicrobial sensitivity testing-based treatment group.Results : Eradication rates were 67% [confidence interval (CI), 55–79%] in the empirical treatment group and 76% (CI, 65–87%) in the antimicrobial sensitivity testing-based group (P = N.S.). The overall success rate was 60% (CI, 51–69%) with omeprazole and 82% (CI, 73–91%) with ranitidine bismuth citrate (P 〈 0.03); the latter overcame antibiotic resistance in 12 of 15 strains vs. zero of eight strains by omeprazole.Conclusions : Antimicrobial sensitivity testing before first-line treatment does not improve the eradication rate, which is greater when ranitidine bismuth citrate is included in the treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01757.x
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