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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of different approaches to assess bleeding on probing as indicators of gingivitis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of clinical periodontology 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-051X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The purpose of this study was to evaluate different methods of eliciting gingival bleeding as indicators of gingival inflammation in the experimental gingivitis model. Following a period of stringent oral hygiene, 103 dental students were scored for plaque and gingival bleeding assessed by 4 methods. From this group, 41 volunteers were randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups. Dental students with clean teeth and healthy gingivae were asked to abolish all mechanical tooth cleaning in the lower jaw for a period of 3-weeks. During the 21-day experimental period, chlorhexidine (Peridex®) or a placebo mouthrinse was applied to the lower jaw. Subjects brushed the upper jaw with a standard toothpaste. In principal, 2 different methods were employed to provoke bleeding: (1) at the marginal gingival tissue by running a probe along the soft tissue wall at the orifice of the pocket, and (2) by probing to the “bottom” of the pocket. Variations in the methods were based on angulation (AngBI, ParBI) of the probe in relation to the tooth surface and to the probing force (PPBI.25N, PPBI.757V). 1 randomly selected quadrant in the lower jaw was scored using the AngBI. The opposing quadrant was scored with a randomly-allocated bleeding index, either ParBI, PPBI.25N or PPBI.75N. The results of this study confirm earlier findings that the angulation of the probe determines the number of sites with bleeding observed. It also indicates that bleeding as elicited by probing to the bottom of the pocket is a poor indicator of early gingivitis. It is recommended that gingivitis should be assessed by probing the marginal gingiva.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00748.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of mechanical oral hygiene procedures on bleeding on probing (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of clinical periodontology 17 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-051X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of mechanical oral hygiene procedures on bleeding on probing in relation to age and periodontal status. The study was carried out on 49 indivuals divided into 7 experimental groups according to age and having been either treated for destructive periodontal disease or having an intact healthy periodontium. In order to eliminate any pre-existant gingival inflammation, all subjects received a carefully controlled oral hygiene program. At the start of the experiment, all subjects were instructed to abstain from oral hygiene procedures for 24 h. Thereafter, clinical baseline measurements were carried out, including bleeding on probing (BOP) using a standardized probing pressure. Next, all subjects cleaned their teeth according to their normal oral home care protocol using a multitufted toothbrush, toothpicks and interdental brushes. BOP scores were again assessed 30 min after completed tooth cleaning procedures. The results revealed a significant increase in BOP after the mechanical oral hygiene procedures in every individual in all experimental groups (p 〈0.05). Further analysis showed that the increase in BOP was independent of the periodontal status of the subjects. However the BOP scores after mechanical oral hygiene procedures were higher in the young age groups. It was concluded that the diagnostic predictability of BOP in the treatment of periodontal diseases might be affected by temporarily elevated BOP scores shortly after mechanical oral hygiene procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1990.tb01086.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The long-term effect of an oscillating/rotating electric toothbrush on gingivitis An 8-month clinical study (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of clinical periodontology 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-051X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Braun Plak Control® for the removal of supragingival plaque and improving gingival health in a long-term clinical trial, and to compare it to a regular manual toothbrush. Assessed were plaque accumulation, amount of gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding on probing, and calculus. In total, 77 young individuals were selected on the basis of having moderate gingivitis'. They were monitored over 8 months and divided among 2 groups; a control group that used a manual toothbrush and a test group that used the Braun Plak Control. The clinical assessments were repeated after 1, 2, 5, and 8 months. At baseline, subjects were handed their assigned toothbrushes together with written oral hygiene instructions. They were instructed to brush for at least 2 min. 1 month after baseline examinations, all subjects received a professional prophylaxis and oral hygiene instruction from an experienced dental hygienist. Plaque removal was reinforced at the 2- and 5-month examination. In conclusion, results indicate that the Braun Plak Control is a safe and efficient home care device. At the end of this trial, this electric toothbrush proved to be more effective than a regular manual tooth brush.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00292.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study of electric toothbrushes for the effectiveness of plaque removal in relation to toothbrushing duration (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of clinical periodontology 20 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-051X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to test the plaque-removing efficacy of 4 different toothbrushes in relation to duration of toothbrushing. The brushes studied were a manual toothbrush (M), a conventional electric toothbrush – the Blend-a-Dent® (BPC), the Interplak® (IP) and the Braun Plak Control® (BPC). For this study, 20 subjects were selected. The study was divided into 5 experiments which differed only in respect to the brushing time. The available time in experiment 1 through 5 was 7.5, 15, 30, 45, 90 s per quadrant respectively. Prior to each experiment, all subjects were asked to abstain from oral hygiene procedures for at least 24 h. The efficacy of toothbrushing in each experiment was studied while one investigator (MAL) brushed the teeth of the subjects. In each subject, all 4 brushes were tested. Each brush was assigned to a quadrant in a random order. No toothpaste was used throughout this study. The amount of dental plaque was evaluated before and after brushing by means of the Silness & Löe plaque index at 6 sites around each tooth investigated. The results show an increase in efficacy for all brushes varying from 7.5 s per quadrant to 90 s per quadrant (mean plaque reduction in terms of percentage 7.5 s-90 s: M =40%-75%, BL = 45%-82%, BPC = 51%-94%. IP=64%-92%). The IP removed significantly more plaque than the other 3 after 7.5 s of brushing. From 15 s through 90 s, the IP and BPC were equally effective. Both were, at all times, significantly more effective than the M and BL. This difference was mainly caused by a greater plaque removal from the interproximal areas, since brushing for 30 s or more with all 4 brushes removed about 90% of the plaque from the vestibular and lingual surfaces. Evaluation of the efficacy in relation to brushing time showed for all brushes that the greater part of the effect is reached after 30 s of brushing per quadrant. The brushing time appears to be an important variable in the evaluation of plaque removing effectiveness since the efficacy increases with time and differs per toothbrush.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1993.tb00394.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The plaque-removing efficacy of an oscillating/rotating toothbrush (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of clinical periodontology 20 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-051X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to test the effectiveness of a new type of BRAUN electric toothbrush (D5) in comparison with the traditional BRAUN electric toothbrush (D3) and to a manual toothbrush (M). For this study, 60 dental students were selected who had no previous experience with the use of an electric toothbrush. The study consisted of 3 experiments. Prior to each experiment, all students were asked to abstain from all oral hygiene procedures for at least 24 h. In Exp I, the efficacy of toothbrushing was studied when one of the investigators brushed the teeth of the students. No toothpaste was used in this first part of the study. In Exp II, the efficacy of brushing was evaluated when the brushing was carried out by the students themselves. In Exp III, the efficacy of the brushing was studied after the students had received a professional instruction and oral prophylaxis. The available time for the brushing amounted to a total of 2 min per mouth. The amount of dental plaque was evaluated by means of the Silness and Löe plaque index at 6 sites around the tooth. Results showed in Exp I that both electric toothbrushes proved to remove significantly more plaque than the manual toothbrush (M 78%; D3 85%; D5 86%). In Exp II, no significant differences in plaque-removing efficacy were found between the 3 brushes (M 73%; D3 72%; D5 73%). In Exp III, the D5 proved to remove significantly more plaque than the other two brushes (M 77%; D3 77%; D5 83%). In conclusion, within the limitations of this study, both electric toothbrushes showed that they have the ability to remove more plaque than a manual toothbrush. The D5 proved to remove more plaque than the D3 after professional oral hygiene instruction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1993.tb00357.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of pre-experimental maintenance care duration on the development of gingivitis in a partial mouth experimental gingivitis model (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of periodontal research 29 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0765
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The present study was designed to evaluate if different periods of supervised oral hygiene prior to the experimental gingivitis trial have an effect on the amount of inflammation which develops in the ‘toothshield’ model. Two groups were compared. One group (Group A) was supervised over a 5-month period before experimental gingivitis. Six months later Group A participated in a second trial, this time receiving only a 1-month pretrial. A second group (Group B) which served as a control was supervised over a pre-trial period of 1-month prior to the start of the experimental gingivitis phase. During the pre-trial period all subjects undertook a regime of vigorous oral hygiene which included polishing of the test quadrant in the upper jaw and supervised subgingival brushing, interdental taping or the use of toothpicks. The presence of plaque and bleeding were assessed. Following the pre-trial period all plaque control measures in the experimental area were prevented during oral hygiene periods by the temporary placement of soft, loosely fitting vinyl toothshield guard. During this period they accumulated plaque rapidly and developed a generalized gingivitis. The results of this study indicate that, irrespective of the length of the pre-trial period, subjects by group develop a comparable mean level of plaque and gingival bleeding. However, the extent to which gingivitis develops differs among individuals and was for a number of subjects not consistent. Therefore, in designing an experimental gingivitis trial care should be taken to include a sufficient number of subjects to account for individual variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1994.tb01209.x
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