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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 121 (1979), S. 265-270 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: 1,6-β-Glucanase ; Characterization ; Catabolite repression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The filamentous fungus Penicillium italicum when grown in a synthetic medium, produced and secreted 1,6-β-glucanase into the culture medium. This enzyme has been partially purified by gel filtration. After this step the active fractions were free of 1,3-β-glucanase, α-amylase and β-glucosidase activities. Only four proteins, one associated with the enzyme, were found by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non denaturing conditions. The enzyme behaves as an acidic protein (pI 4.65) with an optimum pH of 5 and an endohydrolytic mode of action. The activity was lost at pHs greater than 7. The enzyme was also found associated with the mycelium. Its synthesis was repressed by glucose or growth-promoting sugars. Derepression in low glucose containing medium required protein synthesis. 8-Hydroxyquinoline, an RNA synthesis inhibitor, added during the derepression period did permit some increase in the specific activity but prevented it when added at the beginning of that period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; SLT2 ; MAP-kinase ; Caffeine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have further characterized the functionality of theSaccharomyces cerevisiae geneSLT2(MPK1), coding for a MAP-kinase homolog essential for cell integrity, which is involved in the Pkc1p signalling pathway. This gene was isolated on the basis of its capacity to complement the thermosensitive-autolytic, osmotic-remediable phenotype oflyt2 mutants. Bothslt2A andlyt2 mutants displayed a caffeine-sensitive phenotype consisting of cell lysis that was not dependent on temperature. Caffeine concentrations affecting the growth of these mutant strains were dependent on the genetic background, theSSD1 allele being very significant in this regard. TheSLT2 allele of severallyt2 strains was both rescued and amplified by PCR. The recovered allele was shown to be non-functional as it could not complement the lytic phenotype of both deletion (slt2Δ) andlyt2 strains. After nucleotide sequencing of the recovered allele, we found that the defect oflyt2 mutants consists in a substitution of an aspartic acid for a glycine at position 35 of the amino-acid sequence of Slt2p. Gly35 is the third glycine of a glycine cluster (Gly-X-Gly-X-X-Gly), a conserved region in protein kinases and other nucleotide-binding proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Keywords Yeast ; SLT2 ; MAP-kinase ; Caffeine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have further characterized the functionality of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene SLT2(MPK1), coding for a MAP-kinase homolog essential for cell integrity, which is involved in the Pkc1p signalling pathway. This gene was isolated on the basis of its capacity to complement the thermosensitive-autolytic, osmotic-remediable phenotype of lyt2 mutants. Both slt2Δ and lyt2 mutants displayed a caffeine-sensitive phenotype consisting of cell lysis that was not dependent on temperature. Caffeine concentrations affecting the growth of these mutant strains were dependent on the genetic background, the SSD1 allele being very significant in this regard. The SLT2 allele of several lyt2 strains was both rescued and amplified by PCR. The recovered allele was shown to be non-functional as it could not complement the lytic phenotype of both deletion (slt2Δ) and lyt2 strains. After nucleotide sequencing of the recovered allele, we found that the defect of lyt2 mutants consists in a substitution of an aspartic acid for a glycine at position 35 of the amino-acid sequence of Slt2p. Gly35 is the third glycine of a glycine cluster (Gly-X-Gly-X-X-Gly), a conserved region in protein kinases and other nucleotide-binding proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 105 (1982), S. 1347-1353 
    ISSN: 0006-291X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 63 (1975), S. 409-416 
    ISSN: 0006-291X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0EL, UK : Blackwell Scientific Publication
    Molecular microbiology 17 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: MKK1/MKK2 and SLT2 (MPK1) are three Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes, coding for protein kinases, that have been postulated to act sequentially as part of the Pkc1p signalling pathway, a phosphorylation cascade essential for cell integrity. By using the ‘two-hybrid system’ and co-purification experiments on glutathione-agarose beads, we have shown that Slt2p interacts in vivo and in vitro with both Mkk1p and Mkk2p, thus confirming a previous suggestion based on epistasis experiments of the corresponding genes. Plasmid constructs of the SLT2 gene, deleted in the whole C-terminal non-kinase region or part of it, and therefore containing all of the conserved kinase subdomains, were still functional in complementation of the slt2 lytic phenotype and in vivo interaction with Mkk1p and Mkk2p. In contrast, the Slt2p C-terminal domain (162 residues) that carries a glutamine-rich fragment followed by a 16 polyglutamine tract, was shown to be dispensable for complementation and in vivo association with Mkk1p and Mkk2p. We have also demonstrated that the N-terminal putative regulatory domain of these two MAP kinase activators is the main region involved in the interaction with Slt2p.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 175 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Candida albicans XOG1 gene, previously shown to be a good reporter gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and C. albicans, was tested in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Unlike the budding yeast, S. pombe does not produce exoglucanase activity and hence this system would be applicable to any given strain of this organism. The XOG1 gene was located under the control of the nmt1 promoter and its functionality could be demonstrated even at high temperatures (37°C). The exoglucanase activity can be measured both in vivo and in vitro by either a simple biochemical reaction (on cells or media) or by flow cytometry, because the cells remain viable after the assay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have reported that a Candida albicans mkc1Δ/mkc1Δ mutant, deleted in the Mkc1p mitogen-activated protein kinase, an essential element of the cell integrity signalling pathway, has reduced virulence in a murine model of systemic infection. We analyse here the immunological basis for this feature in view of its failure to vaccinate. Firstly, the influence of the Th response was analysed by infecting different knockout mice, revealing the importance of interferon-γ in the resolution of mkc1 systemic infection. Secondly, the role of innate immunity was studied. The infection of neutropenic mice revealed that the candidacidal activity of neutrophils is crucial during the first 3 days of infection for the mutant strain. Macrophages played a critical role in the clearance of infection. Although a similar anti-Candida activity was found for both fungal strains with naïve macrophages, activated macrophages discriminated between both strains. In vitro experiments revealed that the mutant strain displayed a greater susceptibility to nitric oxide (NO), a reduced inhibitory effect on macrophage NO production and an increased capacity of macrophage stimulation by cell wall extracts. The importance of NO in systemic infection with the mutant strain was confirmed by the strong increase in the susceptibility of aminoguanidine (an iNOs inhibitor)-treated mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Biotechnology 38 (1994), S. 81-88 
    ISSN: 0168-1656
    Keywords: Heterologous protein ; S. cerevisiae ; [abr] %PI(-); percentage of cells do not stain with propidium iodide ; [abr] ADC1; gene encoding the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase I (promoter) ; [abr] AP(CE); AP activity measured in the soluble protein cell extract ; [abr] AP(M); AP activity measured in the culture medium as U ml^-^1 ; [abr] BCK1/SLK1; gene encoding the yeast protein kinase Bck1/Slk1 ; [abr] CAT(CE); CAT activity measured in the soluble protein cell ; [abr] CAT(M); CAT activity measured in the culture medium as U ml^-^1 ; [abr] CYC1; gene encoding the yeast cytochrome oxidase I (terminator) ; [abr] MKK1/MKK2; genes encoding the yeast kinases Mkk1 and Mkk2 ; [abr] PEP4; gene encoding the yeast proteinase A ; [abr] PKC1; gene encoding the yeast kinase C ; [abr] PRB1; gene encoding the yeast proteinase B ; [abr] SLT2/MPK1; gene encoding the yeast MAP kinase homolog Slt2/Mpk1 ; slt2 mutant
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: By genetic analysis of a thermosensitive autolytic mutant whose phenotype was complemented by osmotic stabilization with sorbitol, we identified gene LYT2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is probably involved in cell wall formation. A yeast gene complementing lyt2 strains was cloned and shown to carry an open reading frame coding for a 484-amino-acid protein exhibiting all the characteristic domains of serine/threonine protein kinases and highly homologous to other yeast protein kinases involved in control of the mitotic cycle. Mutants disrupted in the cloned gene also displayed an autolytic phenotype complemented by osmotic stabilization with sorbitol. However, genetic comparison of lyt2 mutants and disruptants of the protein kinase gene revealed that the cloned gene is not the structural gene LVT2 but a suppressor of the lytic phenotype, named gene SLT2, that was mapped to chromosome V. The product of gene SLT2 is the first protein kinase to be described in relation to the yeast cell-wall functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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