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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-level measurement of alpha-particle emitting nuclei in ceramics and lead (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 233 (1998), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nearly all natural materials contain trace quantities of uranium (U) and thorium (Th) and their daughter nuclides, many of which emit α-particles in their decay. Lead, at the end of the U-decay chain, typically contains some radioactive210Pb which is chemically inseparable from the other Pb isotopes. α-particle emission from these decays can affect sensitive electronic components, such as memory chips or processors. Measurement of α-particle emitters can be accomplished by direct detection of the α-particles (which typically provides no positive identification of the emitting isotope because of energy loss in the sample) or by low-background γ-ray spectroscopy (which does provide positive identification via characteristic γ-rays.) The latter is by far the best method for screening kg-sized samples of materials like ceramics, aluminum, iron or copper. The difference between α counting and γ-ray spectroscopy is less for measuring210Pb in Pb since the 46.5 keV characteristic γ-rays directly following the210Pb decay are strongly absorbed and both methods are limited to thin layers. This paper discusses these two cases and concludes that a large n-type germanium γ-ray spectrometer is probably the best overall system for both measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02389669
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid detailed characterization of concrete shielding blocks utilizing internal natural radinuclides for calibration (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 233 (1998), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Following many years of productive research, the 184-inch Cyclotron, the SuperHILAC, and the BEVALAC accelerators at the Berkeley Laboratory were closed, leaving thousands of concrete shielding blocks available for reuse, recycling, or disposal. The process history of these blocks precludes free release pending radiological characterization. This paper describes a procedure whereby a high efficiency shielded germanium spectrometer is used to rapidly characterize natural and man-made activity within the blocks. The spectrometer is moved up to the block and 5 minutes of data are collected at the point on the block that registers highest on a micro-R meter. Sensitivity is better than 1 pCi/g (0.037 Bq/g) for Co-60 and Eu-152, the prominent man-made activities observed. One-time calibration of the detector system is obtained from a sample of concrete, drilled with a hammer drill, counted in our low-background facility, and compared to crushed rock with known U, Th, and K activity. A simple relationship exists between the counts/minute observed in a characteristic gamma-ray peak and the activity in the block.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02389670
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study ofγ radiation from100Pd decay (1992)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 341 (1992), S. 249-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: 21.10.-k ; 23.20.-g ; 23.20.Lv
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a study of theγ rays from the electron capture decay of 3.63d 100Pd. Singles and coincidence measurements provided an accurate determination ofγ-ray intensities and an improved knowledge of the100Rh level scheme. Experimental evidence supports excitation of levels in100Rh at 86-, 136- and 154 keV, not previously reported from the decay of100Pd.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01283532
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    More searches for cold fusion (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 9 (1990), S. 475-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: Cold fusion ; Feischmann and Pons ; Jones ; neutrons ; upper limits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Following the announcement of cold nuclear fusion being observed in electrochemical cells by Fleischmann and Pons1 and by Jones,2 we have searched for the characteristic radiations of thed+d andp+d fusion reactions in cells similar to those described in Refs. 1 and 2. No fusion product neutrons or gamma rays have been observed from either palladium or titanium cathodes. From measured D/Pd ratios in the systems with the palladium cathodes, we set upper limits on the fusion rates for our systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588282
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of low-background instrumental neutron activation analysis to measure contaminants in silicon and biological samples (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 234 (1998), S. 33-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) is a common method of trace element analysis whose sensitivity is limited either by interference from other trace elements in the sample or by interference from ambient background radiation in the detection system. In at least two cases, a true low-background facility, such as that at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, substantially enhances senitivity: (1) Ultra-pure silicon, such as that used in semiconductor fabrication. Even after prolonged exposure within a nuclear reactor, minimal observable gamma-ray emitting activities are produced in the silicon. Extrapolated from our 7 gram sample size experiments, parts-per-quadrillion (1.E-15) sensitivity to 23 elements should be obtainable for 400 gram sample sizes. (2) Similarly, the life elements H, C, N, O are effectively inert within the reactor, and this enhances sensitivity to trace elements in, for example, bacteria. Data will be presented for these two cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02389743
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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