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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biogeochemical cycling of selenium in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental management 11 (1987), S. 805-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Aquatic birds ; Biogeochemical cycling ; Selenium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Subsurface agricultural drainage waters from western San Joaquin Valley, California, were found to contain elevated concentrations of the element selenium in the form of selenate. In 1978, these drainage waters began to replace previous input to Kesterson Reservoir, a pond system within Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge; this substitution was completed by 1982. In the 1983 nesting season, unusual rates of deformity and death in embryos and hatchlings of wild aquatic birds (up to 64% of eared grebe and American coot nests) occurred at the refuge and were attributed to selenium toxicosis. Features necessary for contamination to have taken place included geologic setting, climate, soil type, availability of imported irrigation water, type of irrigation, and the unique chemical properties of selenium. The mechanisms of biogeochemical cycling raise questions about other ecosystems and human exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867247
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organochlorine chemical residues in white pelicans and western grebes from the klamath basin, california (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 14 (1985), S. 485-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Samples were analyzed for 12 organochlorine chemicals. Concentrations of DDT + DDD and dieldrin in American white pelican(Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) eggs collected at the Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuges decreased from 1969 to 1981; DDE and polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) residues did not significantly change. Differences between PCB residues in eggs collected from Lower Klamath and Clear Lake colonies in 1969 suggest different migration routes or wintering areas between populations nesting at these two locations. White pelican and western grebe(Aechmophorus occidentalis) PCB/DDE ratios were 0.13 and 1.58, respectively, suggesting different exposure patterns. White pelican eggshell thickness increased between 1969 and 1981, but remained significantly less than pre-1947 values. Western grebe shell thickness was not significantly different from pre-1947 values. Endrin caused some of the pelican mortalities in the Klamath Basin from 1975 to 1981. Pelicans may have acquired endrin in California, but possibly from areas outside of the Klamath Basin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055535
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue distribution of trace elements and DDE in brown pelicans (1985)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 35 (1985), S. 183-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01636497
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selenium teratogenesis in natural populations of aquatic birds in Central California (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 17 (1988), S. 519-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The frequency and types of malformations are described that were encountered during the spring of 1983 in a natural population of aquatic birds exposed to agricultural drainwater ponds and food items containing high concentrations of selenium in central California. A total of 347 nests of aquatic birds containing 1,681 eggs was selected for study at Kesterson Reservoir located in the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Merced County, California. Embryos collected during incubation or from eggs that failed to hatch were examined to determine the age at death and presence of malformations. Embryonic death was generally high; approximately 17–60% of the nests of different species contained at least one dead embryo. The incidence of malformed embryos was also high; approximately 22–65% of the nests where at least two embryos were examined contained abnormal embryos. American coots (Fulica americana) and black-necked stilts (Himantopus mexicanus) experienced the highest incidence of malformed embryos. For all species, the average percentage of eggs containing dead or live abnormal embryos was 16.1 whereas the average percentage containing live abnormal embryos was 10.7. Multiple gross malformations of the eyes, brain, and feet were often present. Brain defects included hydrocephaly and exencephaly. Eye defects included both unilateral and bilateral anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Eye and foot defects with ectrodactyly and swollen joints were the most common in coots. Beak defects also occurred frequently and most often included incomplete development of the lower beak of ducks (Anas spp.) and stilts. Wing and leg defects were most prevalent in stilts and ducks, with ectromelia and amelia most prevalent in stilts. Other malformations occurring at lower frequencies included enlarged hearts with thin ventricular walls, liver hypopiasia, and gastroschisis. Based upon simultaneous examination of a control population of aquatic birds of the same species and published studies, the incidences of embryonic mortality and deformities were 9–30 times greater than expected. The role of the form of selenium responsible for teratogenesis in laboratory studies is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055518
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selenium accumulation by raccoons exposed to irrigation drainwater at Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge, California, 1986 (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 18 (1989), S. 787-794 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In February–March 1986, eight raccoons (Procyon lotor) were collected at Kesterson Reservoir (Merced Co., California), which had received selenium-contaminated irrigation drainwater, and four raccoons were collected at the nearby Volta Wildlife Area, which had not. Selenium concentrations in Kesterson raccoons averaged 19.9 ppm (μg/g dry wt) in liver, 28.3 ppm (dry wt) in hair, 21.6 ppm (dry wt) in feces, and 2.61 ppm (wet wt) in blood and exceeded Volta concentrations by 12, 30, 21, and 10 times, respectively. Selenium concentrations in livers of Kesterson raccoons were less than those in five of nine other mammal species sampled in 1984. Selenium concentrations in hair provided the strongest statistical separation between study areas. Hemoglobin levels in two Kesterson raccoons equalled levels reported in rats with selenium-induced anemia, but the raccoons showed no illness. Amyloidosis in one Kesterson raccoon may have been selenium-induced. Our data indicate that raccoon births peaked about 2 months later than was previously reported. Based on our sample of 12 raccoons, we found no evidence that contamination by irrigation drainwater had negative effects on raccoons inhabiting Kesterson.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01160292
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contaminants in foods of aquatic birds at Kesterson Reservoir, California, 1985 (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 18 (1989), S. 773-786 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Plants, aquatic insects, and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) were collected from Kesterson Reservoir, Merced County, California, and a nearby reference site (Volta Wildlife Area) to compare concentrations of three contaminants found in 1985 with those reported in 1983 and 1984. Mean selenium concentrations in food-chain organisms from sites at Kesterson in 1985 ranged from 26.0 μg/g (dry wt) in water boatman (Corixidae) to 119 μg/g in mosquitofish. All mean selenium concentrations at Kesterson were significantly higher than those from Volta and were sufficient to have caused the impaired avian reproduction observed at Kesterson. Boron concentrations were also significantly higher at Kesterson, and, at one pond, the mean concentration in widgeongrass (Ruppia mari-tima) (1,630 μg/g) was high enough to impair avian reproduction. There were no differences in arsenic concentrations between locations, and concentrations in all food-chain organisms (〈1.9 μg/g) were lower than those reported to cause adverse effects in wildlife. Within-location differences were observed for all three contaminants at Kesterson and for selenium at Volta, but there was no consistent pattern to these differences. Between-year comparisons showed that selenium concentrations in mosquitofish generally decreased at Kesterson, but remained about the same at Volta over the 3 years. Selenium concentrations in insects from 1985 were lower at Kesterson than 1983, but were similar to 1984. Concentrations in plants were generally higher in 1983 and lower in 1984 compared with 1985. Boron concentrations in plants were generally higher in 1985, but in mosquitofish and insects, boron concentrations remained about the same all 3 years. Most arsenic concentrations did not change significantly between years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01160291
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioaccumulation of selenium in birds at Kesterson Reservoir, California (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 19 (1990), S. 495-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to determine selenium (Se) concentrations in tissues of birds collected during the 1983–1985 nesting seasons at Kesterson Reservoir (an area receiving high-Se irrigation drainage water), compare them with birds from reference sites within California's Central Valley, and relate them to food-chain Se concentrations at the study sites. Within years, Se in livers of adult birds collected early and late in the nesting season changed significantly at both Kesterson and the primary reference site (Volta Wildlife Area). These changes were related to the length of time birds had been present at the study sites and the associated accumulation (at Kesterson) or depuration (at Volta) of Se. All species showed significant location differences, which were greatest in species that occurred at Kesterson throughout the year or fed more consistently within the reservoir. There were few species differences in Se for birds at the reference sites (where food-chain Se levels were “normal” [⩽2 μg/g, dry wt]). At Kesterson (where bird foods generally contained 〉50 μg Se/g), species patterns varied by year, probably because of varying periods of residence and other factors. Se concentrations in kidneys and livers of American coots (Fulica americana) were significantly correlated (r=0.9845); Se concentrations in breast muscles and livers of juvenile ducks (Anas spp.) also were correlated (r=0.8280). Body weights of adult coots were negatively correlated with liver Se concentration. Lateseason resident breeding birds or pre-fledging juvenile birds reared at a site usually provided the best indication of sitespecific Se bioaccumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01059067
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selenium in wetlands and waterfowl foods at Kesterson Reservoir, California, 1984 (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 19 (1990), S. 845-853 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Kesterson Reservoir (Kesterson) received subsurface agricultural drainwater containing high levels of salts and selenium from farmland in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The accumulation of selenium in wetlands and waterfowl foods at Kesterson was investigated during May, August, and December of 1984. High concentrations of selenium were found in water, sediments, terrestrial and aquatic vegetation, and aquatic insects. Mean selenium concentrations in aquatic plants and insects ranged from 1.5 to 170 (μg/g dry weight and were about 11 to 290 times those found at a nearby reference site. Concentrations in some waterfowl food plants and insects at Kesterson were up to 64 times those reported to be a health hazard to birds. Selenium concentrations were more seasonally variable in aquatic plants than in aquatic insects. Few differences in selenium accumulation were found among ponds. Deposition of selenium in plant parts was not uniform; rhizomes contained higher concentrations than seeds and leaves were intermediate. Most biota bioaccumulated maximum selenium concentrations that were 1,000 to nearly 5,000 times the concentration in the water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055049
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trace elements and organochlorines in surf scoters from San Francisco Bay, 1985 (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 18 (1991), S. 105-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) were collected from 6 locations in San Francisco Bay during January and March 1985. Overall, mean concentrations of cadmium and zinc were higher in livers of scoters from the southern region of the Bay, whereas mean iron and lead were higher in those from the northern Bay region. Mean concentrations of arsenic, copper, lead, zinc, aluminum (January only) and iron (January) also differed among individual locations. Mean concentrations of copper and zinc increased, arsenic decreased, and cadmium remained the same between January and March. Selenium and mercury concentrations in scoter livers were not significantly correlated (P〉0.05), but cadmium concentrations in livers and kidneys were positively correlated (P〈0.0001), and body weight was negatively related to mercury concentration in the liver (P〈0.05). Body weight differed among locations but not between January and March. Body weight was correlated with lipid content (P〈0.0001). DDE and PCBs were each detected in 34 of 36 scoter carcasses. DDE increased significantly between January and March at Richmond Harbor, but BCBs did not differ between January and March at the 3 locations that could be tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394973
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contaminants in Wintering Canvasbacks and Scaups from San Francisco Bay, California (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 50 (1998), S. 67-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: canvasbacks ; greater scaups ; lesser scaups ; metals ; organochlorines ; San Francisco Bay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Organochlorines, metals, and trace elements were measured in liver, kidney, or whole-body tissues of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria), lesser scaups (A. affinis), and greater scaups (A. marila) collected from San Francisco Bay and three coastal areas of California during the winter of 1986–1987. Potentially toxic concentrations of mercury (mean ≤10.4 µg/g, dry weight) and selenium (mean ≤32.7 µg/g, dry weight) were found in livers of scaups and canvasbacks from several San Francisco Bay sites. These elements varied spatially, temporally, and between species, with the highest concentrations found in late winter. Mean concentrations of mercury, selenium, and cadmium were generally higher in scaups than in canvasbacks. Of all the organochlorines included in the analyses, only p,p'-DDE and total PCBs were detected in all samples in this study. Mean whole-body concentrations of DDE and PCBs from San Francisco Bay ducks collected in late winter varied spatially and between species, but the concentrations were not considered toxic. Causes for inter-specific differences are unclear, but may be attributable to differences in diet, movement, or physiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005759907211
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