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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathway formation and the terminal distribution pattern of the spinocerebellar projection in the chick embryo (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 165-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Spinocerebellar fibers ; Chick embryo ; Pathway formation ; Pattern formation ; Elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pathway formation and the terminal distribution pattern of spinocerebellar fibers in the chick embryo were examined by means of an anterograde labelling technique with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Spinocerebellar fibers, which originate in the lumbar spinal cord and are located in the marginal layer of the spinal cord, reach the corsal part of the cerebellar plate on embryonic day (E)8. On the way to the cerebellum the fibers form one distinct bundle, that suggests that gross projection errors probably do not occur during the formation of the spinocerebellar pathway. On E10, labelled fibers are located mostly in the medullary zone of the anterior lobe. By E12, the number of labelled fibers increases greatly in the inner granular and molecular layers. In transverse sections labelling was distributed throughout the mediolateral extent of the medullary zone. By E14, sagittal strips of labelling were clearly recognized in lobules II–IV; however, labelled terminals were present throughout lobule I. Although the adult pattern of terminal distribution is attained by E14, the mossy fiber terminals are still quite immature. The density of labelling decreased greatly by E16, and small terminal varicosities were first recognized. Structural differentiation of mossy fiber terminals continues to the end of the embryonic or the newly posthatched period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310049
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The terminal distribution pattern of spinocerebellar fibers (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Spinocerebellar fibers ; Chick ; Topography ; Wheart germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase ; Zone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The terminal fields of spinocerebellar fibers from different levels (cervical, thoracic and lumbar) of the spinal cord in the chick were determined by using wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP), an anterograde labelling technique. More terminals were found in the anterior lobe than in the posterior lobe. Following injections in the lumbar spinal cord, mossy fiber terminals were found mostly in the anterior lobe (lobules I–V). The highest density of labelled terminals was found in lobule I, and labelled terminals were found in all parts of the lobule. However in lobules II–IV, labelled fibers were mediolaterally arranged in three longitudinal strips on both sides of the midline, and formed a distinct zonal distribution pattern. Labelled terminals were distributed evenly from the apical to basal regions of lobules I–V. A large number of mossy fiber terminals originating from the thoracic spinal cord were located in the anterior lobe and lobule VI; some labelled terminals were found in lobule IX. Three less distinct longitudinal strips, compared to those following WGA-HRP injections in the lumbar spinal cord, were recognized on each side of the midline. Labelled mossy terminals were observed in lobules II–IX following WGA-HRP injections in the cervical spinal cord. In transverse sections two longitudinal strips were found at the apical parts of lobules II and III, whereas four thin longitudinal strips were located in lobules IV and V. The present study showed that the terminal fields of spinocerebellar fibers from each level of the spinal cord have different distribution patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310050
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution patterns of dendrites in motor neuron pools of lumbosacral spinal cord of the chicken (1990)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 182 (1990), S. 113-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Dendrite ; Motoneuron ; Cholera toxin ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Lateral motor column
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of dendritic trees (dendroarchitecture) of motor neurons innervating specific hindlimb muscles (motoneuron pools, MNP) was studied in the chick spinal cord. Motoneurons were labelled by intramuscular injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with cholera toxin subunit B. MNPs of posterior iliotibial and femorotibial muscles were located at the dorsolateral part of lateral motor column of lumbosacral segments (LS) 1–4 and 1–3, respectively. Although the dendritic profiles of femorotibialis motoneurons were fewer than those of posterior iliotibialis, these two MNPs had a similar distribution pattern of dendrites. Dendritic profiles were about equally distributed in the gray and white matter. Dendrites from the MNP of posterior iliotibialis radiated in all directions. A large number of dendrites penetrated into the white matter, and some even reached to the subpial regions of the lateral funiculus. One array of dendrites that projected dorsomedialwards extended to the base of the posterior horn. MNPs of both the iliofibularis (LS 4–7) and caudilioflexorius (LS 6–8) had dendritic trees with similar distribution patterns. There were two main arrays of dendritic extensions; one along the dorsal, and another along the ventral border of the lateral motor column. Dendrites from the iliofibularis and caudilioflexorius motoneurons were located more frequently in the white matter than in the gray matter. A large number of dendrites extended in all directions from the MNP of the adductor muscle, which was located in the medial region of lateral motor column of LS 1–2. The distribution of dendrites from a few other MNPs was also examined. From these observations, we conclude that there are major differences in the distribution of dendrites of MNPs innervating different chick hind limb muscles. We discuss the possibility that these differences may be associated with differences in the quantity or quality of afferent inputs received by motoneurons in the various MNPs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174012
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pattern of distribution of serotoninergic fibers in the anterior horn of the chick spinal cord (1988)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 179 (1988), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Motor neuron pool ; Lateral motor column ; Posture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of distribution of serotonin positive fibers in the motor nuclei of the chick spinal cord was examined immunohistochemically by using an antiserum against serotonin. A dense aggregation of serotoninergic fibers was located around anterior horn cells in the cervical spinal cord. In the brachial spinal cord, serotoninergic fibers were densely aggregated in the medial motor column and in the parts of the lateral motor column. There were two regions of serotonin immunoreactivity in the lateral motor column of the brachial spinal cord; one located in the ventromedial regions where a dense aggregation of serotoninergic fibers was found, and the reminder of the lateral motor column where only a few serotoninergic fibers were observed. The region containing a dense cluster of serotoninergic fibres around profiles of motoneuron somata and proximal dendrites appears to correspond to motor neuron pools of flexor muscles. In the thoracic spinal cord a high density of serotoninergic fibers was found in the motor nucleus. In the lumbosacral spinal cord (segments LS1–LS8) serotoninergic fibers were not observed in the medial motor column. However, there were five regions in the lateral motor column, where a high density of serotoninergic fibers was found. These very likely correspond to motor neuron pools of muscles which extend the hip joint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305097
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotonin innervation patterns differ among the various medullary motoneuronal groups involved in upper airway control (1993)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 95 (1993), S. 100-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Sleep apnea ; Retrofacial nucleus ; Nucleus ambiguus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to test our hypothesis that the serotoninergic system plays a significant role in airway obstruction during sleep, by focusing on patterns of serotoninergic innervation of the medullary motoneurons involved in upper airway control. We used the combined techniques of retrograde labelling of motoneurons with unconjugated cholera toxin B and immunohistochemistry with antiserum against serotonin (5-HT). The retrograde tracers were injected into posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA), cricothyroid (CT), and genioglossal (GG) muscles of the cat. Motoneurons retrogradely labelled from PCA were identified ipsilateral to the injection site in the caudal part of nucleus ambiguus (NA). Serotonin immunoreactive terminals surrounded their somata and proximal dendrites, suggesting a strong influence of serotonin on the PCA-labelled motoneurons. Motoneurons retrogradely labelled from CT were located ipsilaterally in two distinct groups in the rostral NA and in the retrofacial nucleus (RFN). Selective peripheral nerve section revealed that the CT-labelled motoneurons in the NA had axons in the recurrent laryngeal nerve, whereas the other CT-labelled motoneurons in the RFN were innervated through the superior laryngeal nerve. In the RFN, the pattern of 5-HT innervation in relation to the CT-labelled motoneurons was analogous to that observed with the PCA-labelled motoneurons. In the NA, however, 5-HT terminals made few contacts with the CT-labelled motoneurons, although a dense network of 5-HT terminals was present in the surrounding region. In the GG-labelled motoneuron region of the hypoglossal nucleus, 5-HT terminals were apposed to distal dendrites, not to the soma, indicating less effect of serotonin on GG than on PCA activity. The present results demonstrated that the patterns of 5-HT innervation vary according to the type of motoneurons and their projections to the upper airway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229659
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical examination of intraspinal serotonin neurons and fibers in the chicken lumbar spinal cord and coexistence with Leu-enkephalin (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 282 (1995), S. 387-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) ; Enkephalin ; Spinal cord ; Immunohistochemistry ; Chicken (White leghorn)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intraspinal serotonin-positive cells and fibers were examined in the chicken lumbar spinal cord following removal of descending serotonin fibers by spinal transection. Co-localization of Leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity in intraspinal serotonin cells was also examined using a double immunofluorescence labeling technique. By one or two weeks after spinal transection, virtually all supraspinal serotonin fibers were eliminated. Intraspinal serotonin cells were located ventral or ventrolateral to the central canal corresponding to laminae VII, VIII, and IX, and the anterior funiculus. Intraspinal serotonin cells sent fibers to (1) the pia mater on the ventral or ventrolateral surface of the spinal cord; (2) vessels in the spinal cord; (3) sympathetic preganglionic column of Terni; (4) other intraspinal serotonin neurons; (5) the central canal. Some 30%–50% of the intraspinal serotonin cells co-localized with Leu-enkephalin. Intraspinal serotonin fibers co-containing Leu-enkephalin were observed in the pia mater located on the most lateral surface of the spinal cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318871
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical examination of intraspinal serotonin neurons and fibers in the chicken lumbar spinal cord and coexistence with Leu-enkephalin (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 282 (1995), S. 387-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) ; Enkephalin ; Spinal cord ; Immunohistochemistry ; Chicken (White leghorn)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Intraspinal serotonin–positive cells and fibers were examined in the chicken lumbar spinal cord following removal of descending serotonin fibers by spinal transection. Co-localization of Leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity in intraspinal serotonin cells was also examined using a double immunofluorescence labeling technique. By one or two weeks after spinal transection, virtually all supraspinal serotonin fibers were eliminated. Intraspinal serotonin cells were located ventral or ventrolateral to the central canal corresponding to laminae VII, VIII, and IX, and the anterior funiculus. Intraspinal serotonin cells sent fibers to (1) the pia mater on the ventral or ventrolateral surface of the spinal cord; (2) vessels in the spinal cord; (3) sympathetic preganglionic column of Terni; (4) other intraspinal serotonin neurons; (5) the central canal. Some 30%–50% of the intraspinal serotonin cells co-localized with Leu-enkephalin. Intraspinal serotonin fibers co-containing Leu-enkephalin were observed in the pia mater located on the most lateral surface of the spinal cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050490
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early myelin formation and glial cell development in the human spinal cord (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 202 (1982), S. 483-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In order to identify the onset of myelination as well as to clarify the development of glial cells in human cervical spinal cord 21 embryos and fetuses ranging from 5 weeks of ovulation age (16 mm in crown-rump length) to 13 weeks (110 mm) were examined with the light and electron microscope. The first appearance of definite myelinated fibers occurred in the lateral portion of the ventral marginal layer of a 66-mm (10-week) fetus. These nascent myelinated axons were always of larger diameter than unmyelinated axons. Although they occurred infrequently, there were, nevertheless, degenerative changes observed in some of these first myelinated axons in the 66-mm fetus. By this time glial cells in the marginal layer rapidly increased in number and substantial differentiation had occurred. Young oligodendrocytes are considered as the only myelin-forming cells in the human spinal cord.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092020407
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axoglial synaptoid contacts in the neural lobe of the human fetus (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 202 (1982), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Axoglial synaptoid contacts as well as junctional specializations were examined in the neural lobe of five human fetuses ranging from 7.5 to 19 weeks of ovulation age. Because synapselike contacts (SLC), which have both presynaptic and postsynaptic densities, were observed only in the youngest fetus (7.5 weeks), they may be transient structures. Axoglial SLC were also found in older fetuses, but their structural characteristics were different from those found in a 7.5-week fetus in that the cytoplasmic membrane density was found only on the presynaptic side and its extent was decreased.In the youngest fetus observed here (7.5 weeks), puncta adherentia were observed. In the fetuses older than 11 weeks, gap junctions, long adherentia-type junctions with thick filamentous structures, and mixed junctions with both types of contact were found between pituicytes.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092020114
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An electron microscopic study on the structural development of the neural lobe in the human fetus (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 159 (1980), S. 261-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Structural development of the neural lobe of the hypophysis was studied by light and electron microscopy in five human fetuses ranging from 7.5 to 19 weeks of ovulation age.Clusters of small clear vesicles were found occasionally in axon profiles in a fetus of 7.5 weeks. Granular vesicles in axon profiles first accumulated in a fetus of 8.5 weeks. Concurrently, fenestration of capillary walls and expansion of perivascular spaces were observed.After 8.5 weeks, three type of vesicle-containing axon profiles were found, which contained predominantly granular vesicles (GP), small clear vesicles (SP), and a mixed population of both granular and small clear vesicles (MX), respectively. Their numbers increased significantly during two periods, 7.5-8.5 weeks and 15.5-19 weeks. Ratios of GP, SP, and MX to the total number of the three types of axon were almost the same in all the fetuses studied, i.e., about 40%, 40%, and 20%, respectively.Developmental changes in the diameter of granular vesicles were examined in GP, SP, and MX of each fetus. Apart from a few exceptions, the mean diameter of granular vesicles was larger in GP than in MX, which was in turn larger than in SP. The diameters increased with development and those in GP reached almost the same value as in the adult by 19 weeks.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001590303
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