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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Clonidine ; Morphine ; Intrathecal ; Spinal cord ; Opioid tolerance ; Alpha 2 adrenoceptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous animal studies have shown the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal clonidine and intrathecal morphine to be synergistic. This study investigated the intrathecal administration of multiple doses of this drug combination to examine the rate of development of tolerance and to determine whether there was any toxic effect on the spinal cord. Rats with indwelling intrathecal catheters were given saline, morphine (2.5–7.5 μg), clonidine (17.5 μg), or clonidine (17.5 μg) plus morphine (1 μg) intrathecally twice daily for 41/2 days (total of 9 doses). Hot plate and tail flick tests were conducted after the first, fifth and ninth doses. After the ninth dose animals were killed and their spinal cords were removed for histological examination. Tolerance developed to the antinociceptive effects of the drug combination, but at a slower rate than to morphine alone. No evidence of toxicity or injury to the spinal cord was observed other than changes which could be ascribed to the presence of the catheter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Clonidine ; Morphine ; Intrathecal ; Spinal cord ; Opioid tolerance ; Alpha 2 adrenoceptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Previous animal studies have shown the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal clonidine and intrathecal morphine to be synergistic. This study investigated the intrathecal administration of multiple doses of this drug combination to examine the rate of development of tolerance and to determine whether there was any toxic effect on the spinal cord. Rats with indwelling intrathecal catheters were given saline, morphine (2.5–7.5 μg), clonidine (17.5 μg), or clonidine (17.5 μg) plus morphine (1 μg) intrathecally twice daily for 412 days (total of 9 doses). Hot plate and tail flick tests were conducted after the first, fifth and ninth doses. After the ninth dose animals were killed and their spinal cords were removed for histological examination. Tolerance developed to the antinociceptive effects of the drug combination, but at a slower rate than to morphine alone. No evidence of toxicity or injury to the spinal cord was observed other than changes which could be ascribed to the presence of the catheter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 13 (1997), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: pulse oximetry ; oxyhemoglobin saturation ; movement artefact
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives. The Nellcor N-3000 pulse oximeter is designed to be ableto identify signal artefact related to movement of the body part to which theprobe is attached. It may therefore provide a reliable means of monitoringarterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) in awake, movingpatients. This study compared the Nellcor N-3000 and N-200 pulse oximeters interms of their ability to identify readings associated with movement, in agroup of volunteers making standardized movements. Methods. Thirty-sixvolunteers were studied. Volunteers breathed room air throughout the study.SpO2 of each volunteer was monitored by both a Nellcor N-200and a Nellcor N-3000 simultaneously on both hands. Volunteers made a seriesof five standardized movements, each lasting one minute, with each hand duringthe monitoring session, while SpO2 and oximeter status wererecorded from all four oximeters. The mean SpO2 reading wascalculated during each movement. SpO2 readings which theoximeter identified as being associated with movement, pulse search notlocked, sensor not attached, or break in communications were excluded fromanalysis. Results. The N-3000 rejected from 17 to 78% of readings takenduring movement, compared to 0 to 2% with the N-200. Although the remainingreadings of both types of oximeters were subject to some movement artefact,which led to spuriously low SpO2, this was significantly lesswith the N-3000. Conclusions. The Nellcor N-3000 pulse oximeter is able,to some extent, to identify movement artefact. It should offer an advantageover the N-200 when monitoring moving patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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