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  • 1
    ISSN: 1468-2982
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Disabilities of the articulations of the head and cervical spine can often be detected only by exact measurement of functional radiographs. From two radiographs, one in flexion and one in extension, not only can the total mobility of the head be measured, but also the mobility of the individual articulations can be evaluated by taking exact measurements of the position of each vertebra. A method for semi-automatic measuring of such pairs of radiographs is presented. Edges and structures of the bones that are clearly visible in both radiographs are digitized on a graphics tablet. Then, by computer program, each vertebra of the first radiograph is shifted and rotated until it fits best to the respective vertebra of the second radiograph. Thus, for each articulation, the mobility angle and the location of the mobility axis relative to the adjacent vertebra, can be computed. First experiences with this method are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1468-2982
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Head and neck pain are often attributed to impaired mobility of the cervical spine. No established methods exist to examine such an impaired mobility objectively in patients with cervicogenic headache. Therefore, functional roentgenograms of the cervical spine in maximum ventral and dorsal flexion were analyzed in 15 patients with cervicogenic headache and in 18 controls. Qualitative radiologic evaluation showed no significant differences in either group. A computer-based technique to assess the mobility of the cervical spine demonstrated a statistically pronounced hypomobility of the craniocervical joints C0C2 and an impaired overall mobility of the upper cervical spine (C0-C5) in the cervicogenic headache group. The most evident hypomotility was found in segment C0C1. Interesting was, furthermore. a probably compensatory hypermotility in segment C6C7. These findings did not correlate with the results of the qualitative radiologic evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 67 (1996), S. 821-836 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Zervikogener Kopfschmerz ; Definition ; Pathophysiologie ; Differentialdiagnose ; Therapie ; Key words Cervicogenic headache ; Definition ; Pathophysiology ; Differential diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Headache in association with the cervical spine is often misdiagnosed and treated inadequately due to confusing and varying terminology. Primary headaches such as tension-type headache and migraine are incorrectly categorized as “cervicogenic” merely because of their occipital localization. Cervicogenic headache described by Sjastaad presents as a unilateral headache of fluctuating intensity increased by movement of the head and typically radiating from occipital to frontal regions. Definition, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis and therapy of cervicogenic headache shall be demonstrated. Ipsilateral blockades of the C2/C3 root and/or the major occipital nerve allow a differentiation between migraine and other primary headache syndromes. Neither pharmacological nor surgical or chiropractic procedures lead to an improvement or remission of cervicogenic headache. Pain of various anatomical regions possibly join into a common anatomical pathway then presenting as cervicogenic headache, which should therefore be understood as a homogeneous but also unspecific pattern of reaction.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kopfschmerzen in Verbindung mit der Halswirbelsäule sind angesichts einer verwirrenden und uneinheitlichen Terminologie ein Tummelplatz für Fehldiagnosen und inadäquate Therapieversuche. Zu Unrecht werden primäre Kopfschmerzen wie der Spannungskopfschmerz und die Migräne alleine aufgrund ihrer okzipitalen Lokalisation als „zervikogen“ eingeordnet. Der zervikogene Kopfschmerz (CEK) nach Sjaastad imponiert durch einseitige und seitenkonstante, in der Intensität fluktuierende Schmerzen mit Verstärkung bei Kopfbewegungen und typischer Ausbreitung von okzipital nach frontal. Definition, Pathophysiologie, Differentialdiagnose und Therapie des CEK werden dargestellt. Eine Abgrenzung gegenüber der Migräne und anderen primären Kopfschmerzen erlauben ipsilaterale Blockaden der Wurzel C2/C3 und/oder des N. occipitalis major. Weder medikamentöse noch operative und manualtherapeutische Intervention führen zu einer wesentlichen Besserung oder Remission des CEK. Wahrscheinlich münden Schmerzreize unterschiedlicher anatomischer Provenienz in eine gemeinsame anatomische Endstrecke und bewirken das uniforme Bild des CEK, der damit eher als ein unspezifisches homogenes Reaktionsmuster aufzufassen ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Cerebellum ; Ataxie ; Multiple Sklerose ; Intentionstremor ; Kühlungstherapie ; Key words Cerebellum ; Ataxia ; Multiple sclerosis ; Intention tremor ; Ice application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Upper limb ataxia is one of the most disabling symptoms of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). There are some clinically tested therapeutic strategies, especially with regard to cerebellar tremor. But most of the methods used for treatment of limb ataxia in physiotherapy and occupational therapy are not systematically evaluated, e.g. the effect of local ice applications, as reported by MS patients and therapists, respectively. We investigated 21 MS patients before and in several steps 1 up to 45 min after cooling the most affected forearm. We used a series of 6 tests, including parts of neurological status and activities of daily living as well. At each step skin temperature and nerve conduction velocity were recorded. All tests were documented by video for later offline analysis. Standardized evaluation was done by the investigators and separately by an independent second team, both of them using numeric scales for quality of performance. After local cooling all patients showed a positive effect, especially a reduction of intentional tremor. In most cases this effect lasted 45 min, in some patients even longer. We presume that a decrease in the proprioceptive afferent inflow – induced by cooling – may be the probable cause of this reduction of cerebellar tremor. Patients can use ice applications as a method of treating themselves when a short-time reduction of intention tremor is required, e.g. for typing, signing or self-catheterization.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die gliedkinetische Ataxie der oberen Extremitäten ist eines der am meisten behindernden Symptome einer multiplen Sklerose (MS). Die symptomatische Therapie zielt v.a. auf die Behandlung des cerebellären Tremors, wobei einige ausreichend auf ihre Effektivität hin getestete medikamentöse und operative Strategien zur Verfügung stehen. Dagegen sind insbesondere physio- und ergotherapeutische Behandlungsverfahren nur selten systematisch untersucht worden. Dies gilt auch für die von MS-Patienten und Therapeuten berichtete günstige Beeinflussung der zerebellären Ataxie der Arme durch eine lokale Eisbehandlung. Wir untersuchten 21 MS-Patienten vor und in einigen Zeitintervallen 1 bis 45 min nach einer lokalen Kühlungstherapie des Unterarmes mittels einer von uns zusammengestellten und validierten 6teiligen Testbatterie, die sowohl klinisch-neurologische Befunde als auch alltagsrelevante Funktionsabläufe enthält. Zu jedem Untersuchungszeitpunkt erfolgten zusätzlich Messungen von Temperatur und Nervenleitgeschwindigkeit. Sämtliche Versuchsdurchgänge wurden zur späteren Analyse auf Video dokumentiert. Die standardisierte Auswertung erfolgte sowohl durch die Untersucher als auch durch ein nicht mit der Versuchsdurchführung befaßtes zweites Team anhand numerischer Skalen für die Bewegungsqualität während der Testung. Bei allen Patienten zeigte sich ein positiver Effekt nach Kühlung v.a. auf die Ausprägung des Intentionstremors, der meist 45 min anhielt, in einigen Fällen sogar länger. Als wahrscheinliche Ursache für die Reduktion des Intentionstremors wird eine kühlungsbedingte Minderung propriozeptiver Afferenzen diskutiert. Die Patienten können von einer Kühlungsbehandlung im Rahmen einer Selbsttherapie profitieren, wenn eine zeitlich begrenzte Reduktion des Intentionstremors erforderlich ist, z.B. bei Arbeiten am PC, Leistung einer Unterschrift oder auch vor Durchführung einer Selbstkatheterisierung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 244 (1996), S. 9-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Acquired nystagmus ; Multiple sclerosis ; Drug therapy ; Memantine ; Scopolamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acquired pendular nystagmus (APN) is regularly accompanied by oscillopsia and impairment of static visual acuity. Therapeutic approaches to APN remain controversial, and there is no generally accepted therapeutic approach. We tested 14 patients who had suffered from APN caused by multiple sclerosis for several years; 12 patients presented with fixational pendular nystagmus (increasing during fixation) and 2 with spontaneous pendular nystagmus. All 11 patients with fixational pendular nystagmus who were given memantine, a glutamate antagonist, experienced complete cessation of the nystagmus. In contrast, scopolamine caused no (6 of 8) or only a minor (10–50%) reduction of the nystagmus (2 of 8). It was concluded that memantine is a safe treatment option for APN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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