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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 632 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The present findings have revealed a new aspect of how mechanisms of gastric mucosal resistance to injury are called into effect and are coordinated by the nervous system. Capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons in the stomach play a physiological role in monitoring acid influx into the superficial mucosa. Once activated, they strengthen gastric mucosal defense against deep injury, with a key process in this respect being an increase in blood flow through the gastric mucosa. This concept opens up completely new perspectives in the physiology and pathophysiology of the gastric mucosa if we consider that the long-term integrity of the gastric mucosa may be under the subtle control of acid-sensitive sensory neurons and that, vice versa, improper functioning of these neural control mechanisms may predispose to gastric ulcer disease.The present observations also indicate that some of the peptides contained in gastric sensory nerve endings might fulfill a transmitter or mediator role in controlling gastric mucosal blood flow and integrity. Whereas substance P and neurokinin A are unlikely to play a role in the regulation of gastric mucosal blood flow, there is severalfold evidence that CGRP is very important in this respect. This peptide, which in the rat gastric mucosa originates exclusively from spinal sensory neurons,2,4,27 is released upon stimulation of sensory nerve endings and is extremely potent in facilitating gastric mucosal blood flow and in protecting the mucosa from injurious factors. Selective ablation of spinal sensory neurons containing CGRP weakens the resistance of the gastric mucosa against acid injury, which is most likely due to inhibition of protective vasodilator reflexes. We now aim at providing direct pharmacological evidence that antagonism of endogenously released CGRP results in similar pathophysiological consequences as ablation of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 57 (1979), S. 311-317 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Alcoholic liver disease ; Natural course ; Liver histology ; Laboratory data ; Alkoholische Lebererkrankungen ; Verlaufsbeobachtung ; Leberhistologie ; Labordaten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 107 Patienten mit alkoholischen Hepatopathien (alkoholische Fetteber,n=24), alkoholische Hepatitis mit und ohne insulärem Umbau (n=17 bzw.n=49) und mit alkoholischer Lebercirrhose (n=17) wurden laborchemisch und histologisch über mehrere Jahre beobachtet. Patienten mit Fettleber tranken täglich 140 g Alkohol (60–260 g) über 13,5 Jahre (1–30 Jahre) bis eine alkoholische Fettleber erstmals bioptisch gesichert wurde. Alle Patienten setzten den Alkoholkonsum fort und 92% von ihnen entwickelten nach 4–9 Jahren eine bioptisch gesicherte alkoholische Hepatitis, teilweise sogar mit beginnendem insulärem Umbau. Durch Labor-Untersuchungen war es nicht möglich, den Übergang einer einfachen Fettleber in eine alkoholische Hepatitis im Einzelfall nachzuweisen. Patienten mit der bioptischen Erstdiagnose einer alkoholischen Hepatitis tranken 18,5 Jahre (3–38) Alkohol in einer durchschnittlichen Dosis von ca. 170 g (70–510 g täglich). Von denjenigen, die weiterhin Alkohol tranken, entwickelten 33% innerhalb von 3 Jahren eine Lebercirrhose, 43% wiesen trotz fortgesetztem Alkoholkonsum nach durchschnittlich 3,6 Jahren unverändert histologisch eine alkoholische Hepatitis auf. 8% der Patienten mit alkoholischer Hepatitis starben am Leberversagen, 10% der Patienten, abstinent geworden, zeigten eine nahezu vollständige Normalisierung der Leberhistologie nach einigen Jahren. Die alkoholische Hepatitis mit beginnendem insulärem Umbau bei der Erstbiopsie entwickelte sich bei fortgesetztem Alkoholkonsum in durchschnittlich 3,9 Jahren zur kompletten Lebercirrhose. 12% dieser Patienten starben an Leberversagen, während 23% trotz fortgesetztem Alkoholismus eine unveränderte Leberhistologie aufwiesen. Patienten mit alkoholischer Lebercirrhose tranken durchschnittlich 22 Jahre (6–27 Jahre) kontinuierlich Alkohol in einer tägl. Dosis von durchschnittlich 180 g (80–250 g). 53% der Patienten, die durchschnittlich 210 g Alkohol weiterhin einnahmen, starben innerhalb 1,5 Jahren nach der ersten Leberpunktion; 47% der Patienten, die in einer reduzierten Dosis (150 g) weiterhin Alkohol tranken wiesen, nach durchschnittlich 2,6 Jahren im Vergleich zur Erstbiopsie keine signifikanten Änderungen auf. Dasselbe gilt für 8% der Patienten mit Lebercirrhose, die abstinent wurden. Trotz beträchtlich niedriger Alkoholeinnahme bei Frauen, war die Cirrhosehäufigkeit im Vergleich zu Männern nahezu doppelt so hoch. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß im Einzelfall eine sicher „atoxische“ Alkoholdosis nicht bestimmt werden kann. Dies gilt besonders für Frauen, die ein im Vergleich zu Männern deutlich erhöhtes Risiko hinsichtlich der Entwicklung einer alkoholischen Lebererkrankung aufweisen. Die Klassifikation der zu Grunde liegenden Lebererkrankungen ist für die Prognose bedeutungsvoll. Aufgrund der erheblichen Schwankungsbreite der Laborwerte gelingt dies im Einzelfall ausschließlich durch wiederholte Leberbiopsien.
    Notes: Summary 107 patients with alcoholic liver disease (alcoholic fatty liver,n=24), alcoholic hepatitis with and without pseudolobular formation (n=17 andn=49 respectively) and with alcoholic cirrhosis (n=17) were followed up for several years both histologically and biochemically. Patients with fatty liver ingested daily 140 g of alcohol (60–260 g) for 13.5 years (1–30 years) until alcoholic fatty liver was proved for the first time by liver biopsy. All patients continued to drink. 92% of them developed after 4–9 years biopsy-proved alcoholic hepatitis, partially with pseudolobular formation. Laboratory data failed to demonstrate the transition of uncomplicated fatty liver to alcoholic hepatitis in the individual case. Patients with alcoholic hepatitis in the first liver specimen ingested alcohol for 18.5 years (3–38 years) in an average dose of about 170 g (70–510 g) daily. Off the patients who continued drinking, 33% developed liver cirrhosis within 3 years. 43% of the patients who continued drinking despite of alcoholic hepatitis had an unchanged liver histology after 3.6 years in the mean. 8% of the patients with alcoholic hepatitis died due to liver failure. Alcohol abstinence in 10% was associated with the nearly complete normalization of liver histology. Alcoholic hepatitis with pseudolobular formation was followed by the development of a complete cirrhosis within 3.9 years of continuous alcohol-ingestion. 12% of this patients died due to hepatic failure, 23% showed an unchanged liver histology despite of continuous alcoholism. Patients with alcoholic cirrhosis had a history of 22 years (6–27 years) of continuous alcohol-ingestion of 180 g (80–250 g) daily. 53% of the patients who ingested 210 g alcohol daily after first liver puncture died within 1.5 years. 47% of the patients who continued drinking in a reduced dose (150 g daily) demonstrated no marked changes of liver histology after 2.6 years and were still alive, as were 8% of the cirrhotic patients who became abstinent. In spite of a markedly lower rate of alcohol consumption in females, the incidence of cirrhosis was nearly twice as high in women as compared to men. It can be concluded that an “atoxic dose” of alcohol can not be predicated in the individual case. This is especially true in women who have a markedly higher risk to develop alcoholic liver disease than men. The classification of the underlying alcoholic liver disease is important for the prognosis. Due to the great variability of the results of laboratory tests, an exact classification of the underlying disease is only possible by means of repeated liver biopsies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 34 (1978), S. 1494-1496 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A specific radioimmunoassay for prostaglandin D2 was developed. Using the radioimmunoassay, prostaglandin D2 synthesis by human thrombocytes was measured. While the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin inhibits formation of prostaglandin D2, increased formation of prostaglandin D2 was observed in the presence of the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor imidazole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Aspirin-like drugs ; flurbiprofen enantiomers ; anti-inflammatory ; analgesic ; gastrointestinal toxicity ; prostaglandin synthesis ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using flurbiprofen, a chiral anti-inflammatory and analgesic 2-arylpropionic acid derivative, the enantiomers of which are not converted to each other (less than 5%) in rats or man, we obtained evidence that prostaglandin synthesis inhibition is primarily mediating the anti-inflammatory activity but prostaglandin synthesis independent mechanisms contribute to the analgesic effects. Thus, the S-form inhibited prostaglandin synthesis, inflammation and nociception in rats. The R-form had much less effect on prostaglandin synthesis and did not affect inflammation. It did, however, block nociception in rats almost as potently as the S-form. S-flurbiprofen, in contrast to the R-form, was clearly ulcerogenic in the gastrointestinal mucosa. These results indicate additional molecular mechanisms of analgesia and suggest the use of R-arylpropionic acids as analgesics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Inflammatory exudates obtained in rats after subcutaneous implantation of carrageenin-soaked sponges were found to contain relatively large amounts of 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) and smaller amounts of cysteinyl-leukotrienes (LT) in addition to LTB4, thromboxane (TX) B2 and prostaglandin (PG) E2. Concentrations of 15-HETE and cysteinyl-LT were high 5 hours after sponge implantation and decreased significantly within 24 hours. This time-course, which is smilar to that of TXB2, but differs from that of PGE2, suggests migrating leukocytes as a major source of 15-HETE and cysteinyl-LT. Aspirin, sodium salicylate, dipyrone (100 mg/kg each) and indomethacin (2 and 20 mg/kg) decrease the concentrations of cyclooxygenase products of arachidonate metabolism, but did not significantly affect levels of 15-HETE. Cysteinyl-LT were increased by 20 mg/kg indomethacin, but remained unaffected by 2 mg/kg indomethacin and by the other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) tested. 15-HETE and cysteinyl-LT could play a mediator role in inflammation. In addition, they could modulate the release and effects of other inflammatory mediators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Release of sulfidopeptide (SP)-leukotrienes (LT)in vitro from normal human colonic mucosa and from mucosal tissue obtained from patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) was investigated. It was found that inflamed mucosal tissue released significantly more SP-LT than normal colonic mucosa both under control conditions and after addition of calcium ionophore A23187. These results indicate the presence of endogenous stimuli as well as an increased responsiveness to an exogenous stimulus of LT formation in the inflamed mucosa. Sulfasalazine (SASP), a drug used in inflammatory bowel diseases, and its active metabolite 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) were found to inhibit colonic mucosal SP-LT formation, while only 5-ASA inhibited simultaneously synthesis of another arachidonic acid-derived inflammatory mediator, prostaglandin (PG) E2. The results suggest that SP-LT might be important mediators of inflammation in CD and UC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have examined the interactions of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and 4-aminosalicylic acid (4-ASA) with nitric oxide (NO) on rat aorta and human platelets. Phennylephrine-precontracted rat aortic strips with intact endothelium were further contracted by 5-ASA (50–200 μmol/1) and 4-ASA (1–20 mmol/1) in a concentration-dependent manner. Removal of endothelium, inhibition of guanylate cyclase by methylene blue, inhibition of NO biosynthesis byN G-nitro-l-arginine as well as inactivation of NO by oxyhemoglobin abolished the effects of 5-ASA and 4-ASA. The antiaggregatory effects of 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) and rat peritoneal neutrophils (RPN) were diminished in a concentration-dependent manner by 5-ASA (50–250 μmol/l), but not by 4-ASA (up to 20 mmol/l). In the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD), 5-ASA did not antagonize NO-mediated effects on platelets. 5-ASA up to 100 μmol/l did not affect NO synthase from rat brain, while a concentration of 1 mM caused 21% inhibition. Since NO might act as a cytotoxic mediator, our results suggest that inactivation of NO by 5-ASA and higher concentrations of 4-ASA could contribute to the therapeutic activity of the drugs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 35 (1979), S. 142-142 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 1147-1150 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 32 (1987), S. S51 
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: 5-aminosalicylic acid ; prostaglandins ; leukotrienes ; inflammatory bowel diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Despite the extensive use of sulfasalazine (SAS) and/or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and, more recently, rheumatoid arthritis, their mode of action has not been elucidated so far. None of the numerous pharmacological and biochemical effects described, including immunosuppressive, antifolate, and modulatory actions on lymphocyte and leukocyte functions, could be defined unequivocally as mediating their beneficial activity. Recently, interest has focused on actions of SAS and 5-ASA on the various enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade. Mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease generates excessive amounts of cyclooxygenase products such as prostaglandins (PG) as well as 5-lipoxygenase products such as leukotriene (LT) B4 and sulfidopeptide-LT. Both PG and LT exert proinflammatory actions and are potentially important mediators of mucosal inflammation. SAS and 5-ASA, however, have been found to inhibit PG synthesis under certain experimental conditions only, while increasing PG formation under other conditions. While SAS was found to inhibit colonic LTB4 synthesis, 5-ASA was reported to selectively affect the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonate metabolism in this tissue. Our results demonstrate that, like the parent compound, the metabolite 5-ASA in a dose-dependent manner inhibits release of LTB4 and sulfidopeptide-LT from normal human colonic mucosa (IC50 3.5 and 3.7 mmol/liter, respectively). Indomethacin, which has no efficacy in the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, on the other hand, selectively inhibited PGE2 formation in normal and inflamed colonic mucosa (IC50 1.7 and 1.0 mmol/liter, respectively) without reducing synthesis of LTB4 or sulfidopeptide-LT. These findings may suggest that LT is a more important mediator in inflammatory bowel disease than is PG, although studies with selective inhibitors of LT formation and/or antagonists of LT action are necessary to finally define the role of 5-lipoxygenase products of arachidonate metabolism in these disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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