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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aerobic Glycolysis by the Pituitary Gland In Vivo (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 42 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Arteriovenous differences of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate were measured across the pituitary glands of overnight-fasted female pigs to determine whether net uptake of glucose occurred, and if so, whether it was oxidized or converted to lactate. Arteriovenous differences were also measured across a portion of the cerebral cortex as a control. Cerebral cortex oxidized 84% of the glucose taken up, but this was not true in the pituitary gland, where glucose was almost completely converted to lactate. The arteriovenous difference across the pituitary gland was 0.61 μmol/ml for glucose while the veno-arterial differences of lactate and pyruvate were 1.0 and 0.07 μmol/ml, respectively. The results indicated that little net oxidation of glucose either by the Krebs cycle or the pentose phosphate pathway occurs in the pituitary gland in vivo. Estimates of the amount of energy released from aerobic glycolysis indicate that, unless the requirements of the neurohypophysis are very different from those in the rest of brain, very little energy could be derived from the metabolism of glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb02814.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of differentiation inducers on growth characteristics of human glioma cell lines (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of neuro-oncology 5 (1987), S. 251-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: differentiation inducers ; glioblastoma multiforme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) on the growth characteristics of two established human glioblastoma cell lines (FG and HMCN-1) was studied. The FG cell line has been characterized. The HMCN-1 cell line, established in our laboratory, consisted of fibroblastoid and polygonal cells that grew without contact inhibition. Subcutaneous injection of these cells into weanling athymic nude mice induced slowly growing, solid tumors that were histologically spindly with areas that were similar to the original tumor. Chromosomal analyses revealed a human heteroploid pattern with a modal number of 69. The cells of the original human glioma contained S-100 protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA protein), whereas the established cells failed to express markers. Prolonged treatment of glioma cells with DMSO generated a more adherent, normal human fibroblastoid phenotype that grew with contact inhibition. The new phenotype and proliferative restriction of these cells was evident as late as 50 days after discontinuation of treatment. The chemical induction of cell differentiation resulted in decreased tumorigenic potential in athymic nude mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00151230
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spinal cord ganglioglioma presenting as hydrocephalus (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of neuro-oncology 9 (1990), S. 147-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: spinal cord tumor ; ganglioglioma ; hydrocephalus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report a case of a 5 year old boy with a spinal cord ganglioglioma and hydrocephalus. The insidious onset with back stiffness and hamstring tightness, the diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging, and the treatment by total excision is described. An adequate proven explanation for the hydrocephalus is lacking. Mechanisms which have been proposed include impaired cerebrospinal fluid absorption from increased cerebrospinal fluid protein, and arachnoiditis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02427835
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance vessels supplying the median eminence of the rabbit, rat, and cat (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 210 (1984), S. 647-655 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of arterioles supplying the median eminence of eight rats, eight rabbits, and two cats was studied after vascular perfusion with phosphate buffered aldehyde fixatives. There were terminal arterioles with a lumen diameter of 50-70 μm within the pars tuberalis. Smaller arterioles (precapillary sphincters and metarterioles) with a lumen diameter of 15-20 μm were present on the surface of the median eminence. Arterioles were not observed to penetrate the neuropil but were seen to supply the external capillary plexus of the median eminence. Direct innervation of arterioles supplying the median eminence was not present and hence regulation of median eminence blood flow by peripheral sympathetic mechanisms appears unlikely. Resistance vessels were found to be closely related to axon terminals on the surface of the median eminence and to fenestrated capillaries of the external plexus. In addition, the endothelial cells of arterioles were characterized by the presence of pits and vesicles which may play a role in transendothelial transport. These findings suggest two mechanisms by which blood flow into the median eminence can be regulated: (a) by central catecholaminergic systems terminating in the median eminence and (b) by catecholamine secretions from the adrenal medulla.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092100412
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The morphology of extrachoroidal ependyma overlying gray and white matter in the rabbit lateral ventricleSupported in part by U.S. PHS Grant EY01438-02. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 194 (1979), S. 67-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A morphologic investigation of ependyma over gray matter (caudate nucleus) and over periventricular white matter (tapetum) of the rabbit lateral ventricle was undertaken prior to evaluation of morphological changes which occur with experimental hydrocephalus. Ependymal cells over the caudate nucleus are cuboidal and heavily ciliated. Numerous microvilli cover the cell surface. The lateral margins are straight and interdigitations between adjacent ependymal cells are absent. Ependymal cells over white matter are squamous. Nonciliated as well as ciliated cells contribute to the epithelial lining. Microvilli are present at the cell surface but tend to aggregate near the cellular borders. The lateral margins are convoluted and complex interdigitations are present between adjacent cells. Morphologic differences between ependymal cells over the caudate nucleus and those over periventricular white matter may help to explain the differential response to hydrocephalus observed in these two regions of the lateral ventricle.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091940105
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ependymal changes in experimental hydrocephalusSupported in part by U.S. PHS Grant EY01438-02. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 194 (1979), S. 83-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A morphologic investigation of ependyma over gray matter (caudate nucleus) and over periventricular white matter (tapetum) of the rabbit lateral ventricle was performed four months after the induction of experimental hydrocephalus. Ependymal cells over the caudate nucleus are not modified by hydrocephalus. They remain cuboidal and heavily ciliated. Numerous microvilli cover the cell surface. The extracellular space of the neuropil is not expanded. Ependymal cells over the periventricular white matter are markedly modified. The characteristic response of these ependymal cells is to enlarge and to form lacunae in their apical cytoplasm. Their apical, horizontal cytoplasmic processes elongate as adjacent ependymal cells separate. The ex-tracellular space of the neuropil is expanded.It is proposed that the changes seen in ependymal cells over periventricular white matter are a response to enlargement of the ventricular surface permitted by the orientation of neuronal and glial fibers parallel to the ventricular surface. With expansion of the ventricular surface, overlapping apical processes become elongated and modified, containing a terminal web. With further enlargement, sliding of an overlapping apical process of one cell uncovers the apical process of its neighboring cell. By this mechanism, the ventricular surface area of any ependymal cell whose surface has been partially covered by its neighbor is increased. With further progression, this compensation fails and the neuropil is exposed to the ventricular cavity.Over caudate nucleus, expansion of ventricular surface is hindered by the disposition of fascie adherentes along intercellular clefts oriented perpendicular to the ventricular surface. Lateral sliding of horizontal apical processes does not occur as such processes are not found in ependyma over the caudate nucleus.The differential response of the ventricular surface in these two areas characteristically seen in hydrocephalus is; determined by regional differences in the morphology of their ependymal cells and underlying neuropil.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091940106
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning microscopy of pituitary vascular casts (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 146 (1976), S. 273-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Vascular casts of the pituitary-median eminence complex from seventeen adult female rabbits were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The results of this study confirm the presence of a single capillary bed common to the entire neurohypophysis. Arterial supply to the rabbit pituitary is only to the neurohypophysis. A direct supply to adenohypophysis was not found.Within the median eminence there are an external and internal capillary plexus. The internal capillary plexus is directed toward the infundibular recess of the third ventricle. It does not receive a direct arterial supply but derives its blood supply from the external plexus before draining to the adenohypophysis.Vessels of the posterior median eminence are confluent with vessels of the infundibular stem.On the basis of these studies, it is proposed that the entire neurohypophysis, not simply the median eminence, serves as the final common pathway to the glandular pituitary. It is also proposed that in the median eminence, vessels are organized to deliver blood containing hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones as well as posterior lobe neural hormones (antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin) to the ventricular surface for subsequent transport to cerebrospinal fluid and distribution to the brain.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001460305
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The neurohypophyseal capillary bed. I. Anatomy and arterial supply (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 148 (1977), S. 345-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Vascular casts of the pituitary-median eminence complex of mice, rats, dogs, sheep and monkeys were examined with the scanning electron microscope. Microfil-injected specimens of the rabbit and monkey pituitary-median eminence complex were examined by light microscopy after intracranial internal carotid artery occlusion. In each species a common neuropophyseal capillary network was found uniting infundibulum (median eminence), infundibular stem and infundibular process. This capillary bed is supplied from above by superior hypophyseal arteries and from below by inferior hypophyseal arteries. An artery to the infundibular stem was found in some species.With occlusion of the intracranial internal carotid arteries, flow through superior hypophyseal arteries did not occur. Yet the entire neurohypophyseal capillary bed filled upon injection with Microfil.These observations suggest the concept of a restricted arterial supply to the median eminence with drainage to the underlying adenohypophysis on one hand and to the infundibular process with drainage to the systemic circulation on the other must be modified and that blood flow within the neurohypophyseal capillary bed (between infundibular process and median eminence) occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001480305
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The neurohypophyseal capillary bed II. Specializations within median eminence (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 153 (1978), S. 33-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Vascular casts of the pituitary gland, median eminence and hypothalamus from several mammalian species were examined by scanning electron microscopy. These observations were correlated with light microscopic studies of injected, cleared median eminence-pituitary specimens and with light microscopic examination of serial sections of injected hypothalamic, median eminence, and pituitary specimens employing reflected lighting or epiillumination. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to study long portal vessels on the ventral surface of the rat median eminence.In each of the species examined, the median eminence (infundibular) capillary bed is subdivided into an external and an internal plexus. The external plexus (the neurohemal contact zone) receives an arterial supply from the superior hypophyseal arteries and is continuous with the capillary bed of the infundibular stem and process.Egress from the external plexus is possible via three vascular routes: (a) by fenestrated portal vessels and capillaries to the adenohypophysis, (b) by capillary connections to the medial basilar hypothalamus and, (c) by internal plexus capillaries to the ependyma of the median eminence.Median eminence vasculature is structurally organized to deliver (1) hypothalamic and neurohypophyseal peptides to the glandular pituitary via portal vessels, (2) hypothalamic and pituitary secretions to the medial basilar hypothalamus via capillaries, and (3) hypothalamic and pituitary secretions to distant brain sites through cerebrospinal fluid via ventricular and subarachnoid routes.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001530104
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