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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nuclear distribution of Polycomb during Drosophila melanogaster development shown with a GFP fusion protein (1999)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 108 (1999), S. 83-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The chromatin protein Polycomb (PC) is necessary for keeping homeotic genes repressed in a permanent and heritable manner. PC is part of a large multimeric complex (PcG proteins) involved in generating silenced chromatin domains at target genes, thus preventing their inappropriate expression. In order to assess the intranuclear distribution of PC during mitosis in different developmental stages as well as in the germ line we generated transgenic fly lines expressing a PC-GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) fusion protein. Rapidly dividing nuclei were found to display a rather homogeneous PC-GFP distribution. However, with increasing differentiation a pronounced subnuclear pattern was observed. In all investigated diploid somatic tissues the bulk of PC-GFP fusion protein is depleted from the chromosomes during mitosis: however, a detectable fraction remains associated. In the male germ line in early spermatogenesis, PC-GFP was closely associated with the chromosomal bivalents and gradually lost at later stages. Interestingly, we found that PC is associated with the nucleolus in spermatocytes, unlike somatic nuclei. In contrast to mature sperm showing no PC-GFP signal the female germ line retains PC in the germinal vesicle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004120050355
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suppression of Polycomb group proteins by JNK signalling induces transdetermination in Drosophila imaginal discs (2005)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 438 (2005), S. 234-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] During the regeneration of Drosophila imaginal discs, cellular identities can switch fate in a process known as transdetermination. For leg-to-wing transdetermination, the underlying mechanism involves morphogens such as Wingless that, when activated outside their normal context, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04120
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene regulation A reason for reading nonsense (2004)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 429 (2004), S. 510-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] What is the production of DNA transcripts good for? Most notably, of course, the transcripts provide the read-out of an organism's genome in the form of messenger RNAs that act as blueprints for protein construction. Precisely defined sequence information is also required for structural or ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/429510a
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene regulation Cycling silence (2001)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 412 (2001), S. 493-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the desert, vast tracts of land are lifeless, interrupted only by the occasional oasis. In our cells, part of the genome seems similarly devoid of life. Apart from a few oases of activity, most of the genetic information in this part is silenced — it is never switched on. This region, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35087692
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromatin regulation Formatting genetic text (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 406 (2000), S. 579-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Writing words in bold or italics does not change the overall meaning of a passage of text. But it does emphasize the importance of that part of the text, changing the way in which it should be read. One could compare the formatting of text in this way to the effects of modifying histone proteins ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35020675
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CELLULAR MEMORY BY THE POLYCOMB AND TRITHORAX GROUP PROTEINS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 38 (2004), S. 413-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During the development of multicellular organisms, cells become different from one another by changing their genetic program in response to transient stimuli. Long after the stimulus is gone, "cellular memory" mechanisms enable cells to remember their chosen fate over many cell divisions. The Polycomb and Trithorax groups of proteins, respectively, work to maintain repressed or active transcription states of developmentally important genes through many rounds of cell division. Here we review current ideas on the protein and DNA components of this transcriptional memory system and how they interact dynamically with each other to orchestrate cellular memory for several hundred genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.091907
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo binding pattern of a trans -regulator of homoeotic genes in Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 337 (1989), S. 468-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Polycomb locus localizes to polytene chromosome band 78 D 7,8. The DNA encompassing the gene has been cloned by a microdissection technique (R.P., J. Lauer and D. S. Hogness, manuscript in preparation). About 4 kilobase (kb) of DNA enclose the entire PC locus, as shown by P-element-mediated ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/337468a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An imprinting element from the mouse H19 locus functions as a silencer in Drosophila (1997)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 16 (1997), S. 171-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Experiments in the mouse have suggested that cis elements near or within the H19 gene can confer appropriate expression and methylation imprinting on ectopic transgenes (J.D.B. and M.A.S., manuscript in preparation)5,8,9. These studies in mice have focused on DNA methylation for the transcriptional ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0697-171
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping functional domains of the Polycomb protein ofDrosophila melanogaster (1995)
    Springer
    Chromosome research 3 (1995), S. 351-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: chromatin ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Polycomb ; silencing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract InDrosophila the Polycomb group (Pc-G) proteins are responsible for the stable and heritable silencing of genes. The Pc-G apparently uses heterochromatin-like mechanisms to transcriptionally inactivate developmental regulators such as the homeotic genes. The Polycomb (Pc) protein is part of a large multimeric complex composed of other members of the Pc-G. We have identified functionally relevant domains of the Pc protein by sequencing differentPc alleles. Additionally, using a Pc-βgal fusion protein with deleted internal histidine repeats, we found that this mutant protein cannot bind to four particular target loci, but otherwise does not change the remaining overall binding pattern. We show that, in contrast to the dotted subnuclear localization of the wild-type protein, the nuclear distribution of mutant proteins becomes homogeneous. Surprisingly, inPc mutants the polyhomeotic protein, another member of the Pc-G, is also redistributed in the nucleus. Our results indicate that the appropriate subnuclear localization of the two proteins is critical for the silencing function of the Pc-G complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710016
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spreading the silence: Epigenetic transcriptional regulation during Drosophila development (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 15 (1994), S. 478-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Drosophila development ; transcription regulation ; pattern formation ; chromatin structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In early Drosophila development a complex cascade of diffusible transcription factors generates an intricate expression pattern of developmental regulators such as the homeotic genes. The mechanism which subsequently maintains the pattern during the rest of development is mainly using epigenetic features for its function. Evidence comes from the analysis of the Polycomb-group (Pc-G), a class of genes which is responsible for maintaining the inactive state of expression. The Pc-G was found to share many parallels to genes involved in heterochromatin formation. Different members of the Pc-G interact in large multiprotein complexes, which apparently can cover and inactivate large chromosomal domains. Specific DNA elements have been identified that are used by the Pc-G proteins to nucleate these specialized domains of silent chromatin. Thus, the Pc-G proteins appear to permanently inactivate genes by generating heterochromatin-like structures which could then be inherited by the daughter cells in an epigenetic manner. Heritable gene silencing is an important but little understood mechanism in pattern formation. Phenomenologically related effects have been observed in many organisms. These range from the transcriptional silencing of the inactive mating type loci in yeast to parental imprinting phenomena and X-chromosome inactivation in mammals. Analysis of these functions in Drosophila provides an excellent model system for studying the molecular basis of such epigenetic mechanisms that use higher order chromatin structures for transcriptional repression. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020150606
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