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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vitamin a deficiency reduces the concentration of visual pigment protein within blowfly photoreceptor membranes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 557 (1979), S. 385-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Blowfly) ; Photoreceptor membrane ; Rhodopsin ; Vision ; Vitamin A deficiency
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(79)90336-5
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of trehalase from labial glands of ants
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 142 (1971), S. 170-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-9861
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(71)90272-4
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An interspecies comparison of normal levels of glycosylated hemoglobin and glycosylated albumin
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and 81 (1985), S. 819-822 
    Details
    ISSN: 0305-0491
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0305-0491(85)90072-0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the insect visual pigment sensitive to ultraviolet light: Retinal as the chromophoric group
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Bioenergetics 283 (1972), S. 520-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2728
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2728(72)90268-X
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dropping out among Hispanic youth
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Social Science Research 18 (1989), S. 21-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0049-089X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Sociology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0049-089X(89)90002-1
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of Glial Cells for the Basal and Ca2+-Dependent K+-Evoked Release of Transmitter Amino Acids Investigated by Microdialysis (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 52 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The role of glial cells for the inactivation and synthesis of precursors for amino acid transmitters was studied in the brains of anesthetized rats in vivo using the microdialysis technique. The dialysis probes were inserted stereotactically into each neostriatum. One neostriatum was treated with the gliotoxin fluorocitrate, whereas the contralateral side served as a control. The basal efflux of amino acids, reflecting the extracellular level, was measured as well as the efflux during depolarization with 100 mM K+ in the dialysis stream. The potassium-evoked efflux of transmitter amino acids was calcium dependent and thus considered to reflect release from the transmitter pool. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate release from the treated side was higher than the control value during the first 2–3 h, a result indicating an important role of glial cells in the inactivation of released transmitter. After 6–7 h with fluorocitrate, the release of glutamate was lower than the control value, a result indicating an important role of glial cells in the synthesis of precursors for the releasable pool of glutamate. The role of glutamine for the production of transmitter glutamate and GABA in vivo was further investigated by inhibiting glutamine synthetase with intrastriatally administered methionine sulfoximine. The release of glutamate into the dialysis probe decreased to 54% of the control value, whereas the release of GABA decreased to 22% of the control value, a result indicating that glutamine may be more important for transmitter GABA than for transmitter glutamate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07263.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An In Vivo Model for Studying Function of Brain Tissue Temporarily Devoid of Glial Cell Metabolism: The Use of Fluorocitrate (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 48 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The effect of intrastriatal injection of fluorocitrate on amino acid pattern, cell enzyme markers, and ultrastruc-tural appearance was investigated. A dose of 1 nmol of fluorocitrate resulted in temporarily decreased levels of glutamine, glutamate, and aspartate, whereas the level of alanine was increased. The glutamine level was severely reduced after 4 h but was reversed after 24 h. The activity of different cellular enzyme markers did not change markedly after this dose. Ultrastructural changes in glial cells were observed, concomitant with the biochemical changes. A dose of ≥2 nmol of fluorocitrate resulted in more marked and irreversible changes in amino acid levels. By 24–72 h after the injection of this dose, several marker enzyme activities decreased markedly. The ultrastructural changes affected the neurons as well as the glial cells and were not reversible. The use of microinjection of 1 nmol of fluorocitrate into the neostria-tum of the rat to provide a model for studying transmitter amino acid metabolism in brain devoid of glial cell activity is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb05674.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of Transmitter γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Synthesis and Metabolism Illustrated by the Effect of γ-Vinyl GABA and Hypoglycemia (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 50 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The effect of different treatments on amino acid levels in neostriatum was studied to throw some light on the synthesis and metabolism of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Irreversible inhibition of GABA transaminase by microinjection of γ-vinyl GABA (GVG) led to a decrease in aspartate, glutamate, and glutamine levels and an increase in the GABA level, such that the nitrogen pool remained constant. The results indicate that a large part of brain glutamine is derived from GABA. Hypoglycemia led to an increase in the aspartate level and a decrease in glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels. The total amino acid pool was decreased compared with amino acid levels in normoglycemic rats. GVG treatment of hypoglycemic rats led to a decrease in the aspartate level and a further reduction in glutamate and glutamine levels. In this case, GABA accumulation continued, although the glutamine pool was almost depleted. The GABA level increased postmortem, but there were no detectable changes in levels of the other amino acids. Pretreatment of the rats with hypoglycemia reduced both glutamate and glutamine levels with a subsequent decreased postmortem GABA accumulation. The half-maximal GABA synthesis rate was obtained when the glutamate level was reduced by 50% and the glutamine level was reduced by 80%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb10586.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Importance of Glutamine for γ-Aminobutyric Acid Synthesis in Rat Neostriatum In Vivo (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 51 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: This work was carried out to evaluate the importance of glial cells in providing precursors for the in vivo synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Fluorocitrate, which selectively inhibits the tricarboxylic acid cycle in glial cells, was administered locally in rat neostriatum. Inhibition of the glial cell tricarboxylic acid cycle led to a decrease both in glutamine level and in γ-vinyl GABA (GVG)-induced GABA accumulation, an observation indicating reduced GABA synthesis. The role of glutamine, which is synthesized in glial cells as a precursor for GABA, was further investigated by inhibition of glutamine synthetase with intrastriatally administered methionine sulfoximine. In this case, the glutamine level was reduced to near zero values, and the GVG-induced GABA accumulation was only half that of normal. The results show that glutamine is an important precursor for GABA synthesis, but it cannot be the sole precursor because it was not possible to depress the GVG-induced GABA accumulation completely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb03099.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Transmitter Amino Acid Levels in Rat Globus Pallidus and Neostriatum During Hypoglycemia or After Treatment with Methionine Sulfoximine or γ-Vinyl γ-Aminobutyric Acid (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 54 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The levels of amino acids in globus pallidus, a structure heavily innervated with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic terminals but few glutamergic terminals, were compared with the levels in neostriatum, a structure richly innervated with glutamergic terminals but intermediate in GABAergic terminals. The level of glutamate in neostriatum was twice as high as in globus pallidus whereas the level of GABA in globus pallidus was three times higher than in neostriatum. The level of aspartate was similar in both regions whereas the level of glutamine was correlated with the level of glutamate. Methionine sulfoximine, a glutamine synthetase inhibitor, reduced the level of glutamine to 10-20% of control in both structures. This reduction was accompanied by the largest decrease in the level of glutamate in neostriatum, indicating that transmitter glutamate turns over more rapidly than other glutamate pools. Likewise, insulin decreased the levels of glutamate and glutamine more in neostriatum than in globus pallidus. γ-Vinyl GABA increased the level of GABA in globus pallidus more than in neostriatum although the percent increase was largest in neostriatum. Treatment with γ-vinyl GABA was accompanied by a large reduction in the level of glutamine that was correlated with the increase in the level of GABA, indicating that a substantial proportion of the glutamine pool is linked to GABA metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01956.x
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