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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 116 (1994), S. 4963-4969 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 116 (1994), S. 9411-9411 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Organometallics 14 (1995), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1520-6041
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Cyclic AMP ; insulin β2-adrenergic agonists ; diabetes ; pregnancy and metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Salbutamol was administered intravenously in doses increasing from 3.75 to 22.5 μg/min to 5 non-diabetic and 7 diabetic women in the last trimester of pregnancy. In diabetic as well as nondiabetic women the diastolic blood pressure fell progressively with increasing doses, and the systolic BP and heart rate increased at doses above 7.5 μg/min. The effect on fetal heart rate was less pronounced than the effect on maternal heart rate. Cyclic AMP levels in plasma were similar in non-diabetic and diabetic women before salbutamol. Twenty min following 3.75 μg/min a significant increase was seen in both groups. The peak increase (3–5 fold) was higher in the diabetic than in the non-diabetic women. Plasma insulin and C-peptide levels rose in a dose-dependent manner in the non-diabetic and four of the diabetic women. However, in three of the diabetic women the insulin level was unaffected by salbutamol and C-peptide was almost undetectable. Plasma concentrations of glucose, glycerol, NEFA and 3-HB were higher in the diabetics than in the non-diabetics before salbutamol and the elevations induced by salbutamol were also significantly larger in the diabetic women. The present data show that salbutamol in doses employed clinically may cause pronounced metabolic effects, especially in diabetic women, and it is suggested that when intravenous infusion of salbutamol is given to pregnant diabetic women not only cardiovascular but also some metabolic variable such as glucose should be carefully monitored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 2 (1966), S. 14-19 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les taux à jeun des lipides sanguins et leurs variations diurnes ont été étudiés chez environ 150 enfants et adolescents ayant un diabète de durée variable. Les diabétiques présentaient des taux de cholestérol, de phospholipides et de triglycérides dans des limites normales mais une élévation des acides gras libres et des corps cétoniques. La détermination postprandiale ne semble pas être de quelque avantage majeur. Des sujets diabétiques recevant de l'insuline deux fois par jour normalisèrent presque les valeurs de leurs acides gras libres et présentèrent une diminution des corps cétoniques par comparaison avec les sujets ne recevant de l'insuline qu'une fois par jour. La durée du diabète était sans influence significative. Un régime isocalorique, socialement acceptable, riche en graisse polyinsaturée a abaissé les taux de lipides sanguins au cours d'un essai de contrôle d'une durée de 18 mois.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei ungefähr 150 Kindern und Jugendlichen mit verschieden lang bestehendem Diabetes mellitus wurden die Nüchternwerte und Tages-Schwankungen der Blutlipide untersucht. Die Cholesterin-, Phospholipid- und Trigyceridespiegel der Diabetiker lagen im Normalbereich, doch waren die freien Fettsäuren und Ketonkörper erhöht. Die postprandiale Bestimmung scheint keinen größeren Vorteil zu bieten. Im Vergleich mit Diabetikern, die nur einmal täglich Insulin spritzen, normalisieren sich bei Diabetikern, die zweimal täglich Insulin bekommen, die Werte der freien Fettsäuren, und auch die Ketonkörper fallen ab. Die Dauer des Diabetes war ohne signifikanten Einfluß. Eine isokalorische, sozial annehmbare, an hochungesättigten Fetten reiche Diät führte bei einem Kontrollversuch über eine Periode von 18 Monaten zu einer Abnahme des Blutfettspiegels.
    Notes: Summary The fasting levels and diurnal variation in blood lipids were studied in ahout 150 children and adolescents of varying diabetic duration. The diabetics had cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride levels within the normal range but elevated free fatty acids, glycerol and ketone bodies. Postprandial determination does not seem to be any major advantage. The duration of diabetes was without significant influence. Diabetics receiving insulin twice daily almost normalize their FFA values and decrease their ketones in comparison with those taking insulin only once a day. An isocaloric, socially acceptable diet rich in polyunsaturated fat lowered blood lipid levels in a controlled trial over a period of eighteen months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 14 (1978), S. 155-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin-dependent diabetes ; retinopathy ; HLA antigens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The incidence of HLA antigens B8, BW15, DW3 and DW4 was found to be significantly increased in 99 patients with growth onset, insulin-dependent diabetes of more than 15 years duration. Different degrees of retinopathy were seen in 75% of the patients. No significant correlation between the presence of specific HLA alleles and the stage of retinopathy was found. We have discussed the possibility that all patients who develop diabetes have identical disease-predisposing genes, irrespective of their HLA alleles. If this was the case, the HLA phenotype would not determine the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 19 (1980), S. 427-432 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; C-peptide ; proinsulin ; diabetic ; mothers ; infants ; neonatal hypoglycaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum concentrations of glucose, C-peptide, IRI (Immunoreactive insulin) and proinsulin were determined in 31 insulin-dependent diabetic mothers and their newborn infants and in 13 nondiabetic mothers and their babies at the time of delivery. Eleven mothers with long-term diabetes had insulin antibodies and low or undetectable C-peptide levels (mean ± SEM: 0.04±0.01 nmol/l). Diabetic mothers without insulin antibodies had a mean C peptide value of 1.18 nmol/1 (range 0.05–3.00) and the non-diabetics 0.95 nmol/l (0.28–2.4). Blood glucose values (2 to 4 hours after birth) of less than 1.7 mmol/l were observed in 7 of the 11 babies with antibodies and in 3 of the 20 babies without antibodies. C-peptide in the 31 babies of diabetic mothers correlated to maternal glucose (p 〈 0.05). In addition the mean glucose value (2–4 hours) was negatively correlated to IRI and proinsulin (p 〈 0.01) in the babies without antibodies, confirming that elevated maternal glucose leads to increased insulin secretion at the time of birth, which may lead to hypoglycaemia. In babies without antibodies birth weight correlated to their C-peptide (p 〈 0.01) and proinsulin (p 〈 0.01). The 31 babies of the diabetic mothers were born with higher C-peptide (1.01±0.16 nmol/ 1) than babies of non-diabetic mothers (0.39±0.04 nmol/1). The newborn infants secrete significantly more proinsulin than their mothers. Babies of mothers with insulin antibodies were born with the same concentrations of antibodies (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.98) as in their mothers, but total IRI was higher in these babies, due in part to human proinsulin being bound to the antibodies. There were significant correlations between insulin antibodies on the one hand, and IRI, proinsulin and C-peptide on the other, in the 11 babies, p 〈 0.001, p 〈 0.001 and p 〈 0.01, respectively, the last indicating increasing B-cell activity with higher antibody levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Children ; Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes ; C-peptide ; islet cell antibodies ; insulin antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of fall in B-cell function measured as plasma and 24 h urinary C-peptide excretion, as well as levels of islet cell antibodies, insulin antibodies and metabolic parameters, were followed for two years in 39 children aged 1–17 years prospectively from clinical onset of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. At onset 32/36 patients had measurable plasma C-peptide (median 0.13 nmol/l). Maximum values of fasting and postprandial plasma C-peptide were reached at a median duration of three months. Thereafter both plasma and urinary C-peptide declined linearly. The median value of the rate of fall in postprandial plasma C-peptide was 0.019 nmol·1−1·month−1. Age at onset was positively correlated to the maximum value of postprandial plasma C-peptide in each patient (rs=0.57, p=0.0001) and throughout the observation time positively correlated to fasting and postprandial C-peptide and to the 24 h urinary C-peptide excretion (rs range 0.35–0.70, p=0.03–0.0001). The rate of fall of postprandial C-peptide was unrelated to age at onset and was strikingly parallel in different age groups. Islet cell antibodies were present in 87% of the patients at onset and decreased to 38% at 24 months. Islet cell antibody litres were not correlated to age at onset or to plasma or urinary C-peptide at any single observation. However, islet cell antibody negative patients had significantly higher (p〈0.05) postprandial plasma C-peptide values at 1, 9, and 12 months of duration, compared to islet cell antibody positive patients. Insulin antibodies and metabolic state at onset did not influence the C-peptide values. It is concluded that age at onset is the most important variable in predicting the duration and magnitude of endogenous insulin secretion during the first two years of Type 1 diabetes in children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; pregnancy ; spontaneous abortion ; fetal malformation ; HbA1C ; C-peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This prospective nationwide study examined the relationship between diabetic control in early pregnancy as assessed by HbA1C and the incidence of spontaneous abortion and fetal malformation. HbA1C and plasma C-peptide were determined in 532 women with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, corresponding to approximately 80% of all the diabetic pregnancies in the country during the study period 1982–1985, and 222 non-diabetic control women. Median gestational week for sampling was 9.0 in the Type 1 diabetic and 10.0 in the control group. The median value of HbA1C was 7.7% in the diabetic and 5.3% in the control group (p〈0.001). The rates of spontaneous abortion, 7.7% vs 7.2%, and malformation, 4.3% (major 2.0%) and 2.4% (major 1.0%), were not significantly different between the diabetic and control group, respectively. These rates of malformation were not significantly different from the national figures of 4.55% (major 1.75%). Much elevated HbA1C, i.e., 〉 10.1% equal to 8 SD above the normal mean control value, was significantly associated with the occurrence of spontaneous abortion (p〈0.001) and malformation (p〈0.01). Discriminant analysis revealed that after correction had been made for the significant value of HbA1C to predict the occurrence of spontaneous abortion and malformation, no further predictive power was displayed by measurable plasma C-peptide, maternal age or duration of diabetes or presence of diabetic microangiopathy. We conclude that poor metabolic control in early pregnancy contributes to an increased risk of both spontaneous abortion and fetal malformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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