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  • 1
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: An isocratic high–performance liquid chromatographic technique was developed to measure levels of γ–aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and taurine in the brain and pituitary of goldfish. Accuracy of this procedure for quantification of these compounds was established by evaluating anesthetic and postmortem effects and by selectively manipulating GABA concentrations by intraperitoneal administration of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) inhibitor 3–mercaptopropionic acid or the GABA transaminase inhibitor γ–vinyl GABA. The technique provided a simple, rapid, and reliable method for evaluating the concentrations of these amino acids without the use of complex gradient chromatographic systems. To investigate the relationship between neurotransmitter amino acids and the control of pituitary secretion of gonadotropin, the effects of injection of taurine, GABA, or monosodium glutamate on GABA, glutamate, taurine, and, in some instances, monoamine concentrations in the brain and pituitary were evaluated and related to serum gonadotropin levels. Injection of taurine caused an elevation in serum gonadotropin concentrations. In addition, injection of the taurine precursor hypotaurine but not the taurine catabolite isetheonic acid elevated serum gonadotropin levels. Intracerebroventricular injection of either GABA or taurine also elevated serum gonadotropin concentrations. Pretreatment of recrudescent fish with α–methyl–p–tyrosine reduced pituitary dopamine concentrations and also potentiated the serum gonadotropin response to taurine. Injection of monosodium glutamate caused an increase of glutamate content in the pituitary at 24 h; this was followed by a decrease at 72 h after administration. Pituitary GABA, taurine, and dopamine concentrations underwent a transient depletion after monosodium glutamate administration, and this was associated with an elevation of serum gonadotropin content. The increase in serum gonadotropin concentrations in response to a gonadotropin–releasing hormone analogue was potentiated by pretreatment with monosodium glutamate. This article demonstrates that procedures causing elevation in GABA and taurine concentrations stimulate gonadotropin release in a teleost fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 56 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: A 21-amino-acid residue tachykinin-related peptide, carassin, was isolated in pure form from an extract of the brain of the goldfish, Carrassius auratus, by reversedphase HPLC. The primary structure of the peptide was established as the following: Ser-Pro-Ala-Asn-Ala-Gln-IIe-Thr-Arg - Lys - Arg - His - Lys - Hle - Asn - Ser - Phe - Val - Gly - Leu-Met · NH2. This amino acid sequence is the same length as and shows structural similarity (57% homology) to the mammalian tachykinin, neuropeptide-γ, which is a product of the posttranslational processing of γ-preprotachykinin. The mammalian tachykinins, substance P and neurokinin B, were not detected in the extract by using specific antisera directed against the NH2-termini of the peptides, but an antiserum directed against the COOH-terminal region of substance P did detect a low concentration of immunoreactive material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 5 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on growth hormone (GH) and gonadotropin-II (GtH-II) release in different reproductive stages were studied using perfused pituitary fragments of female goldfish. The GH and GtH-II release responses to 5-min pulses of NPY were relatively small in sexually regressed fish (July), intermediate in recrudescent fish (December), and maximal in sexually mature (= prespawning) fish (May). To test if sex steroids can modulate NPY action, the effects of in vivo implantation of 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) (both at 100 μg/g dosage) on NPY-induced GH and GtH-II secretion were examined. In sexually regressed goldfish, implantation of T significantly enhanced NPY-induced GH and GtH-ll release from perfused pituitary fragments; implantation of E2 potentiated the NPY-induced GtH-II, but not GH release. However, steroid implantation did not affect responses to NPY when this experiment was repeated using pituitaries from sexually mature fish. To test the hypothesis that steroids may act directly at the level of the pituitary to potentiate NPY action, pituitary fragments taken from sexually regressed goldfish were incubated with 100 nM T for 24 h, and the GH and GtH-ll responses to 5-min challenges of NPY assessed in the presence of T. Both GH and GtH-ll responses to NPY were not affected by treatment with T in vitro, suggesting that T does not act directly at the level of the pituitary. Since we have found that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in part mediates the effects of NPY on GH and GtH-ll release, the possibility that steroids may potentiate the actions of NPY on GnRH release were also examined. In sexually regressed fish, NPY did not alter GnRH release either from pituitary fragments or preoptic anterior hypothalamic slices. When fish were pretreated with E2 and T by in vivo implantation, NPY significantly stimulated the release of GnRH. Taken together, these results demonstrate that: 1) there is a seasonal variation of NPY action on GH and GtH-ll release in the female goldfish; 2) sex steroids, especially T, potentiate the effects of NPY on GH and GtH-ll release in sexually regressed fish, when the endogenous steroid levels are low; and 3) the seasonality of NPY actions and the potentiation by steroids may be mediated, at least in part, by enhanced stimulation of GnRH release.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 6 (1989), S. 285-288 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: teleost ; neuroendocrine ; GtH release ; dopamine ; GnRH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of dopamine on gonadotropin (GtH) secretion in sexually mature Chinese loach were investigated. Spontaneous secretion of GtH was inhibited within 1 h following an intramuscular injection of dopamine (100 μg/g body wt). Similarly, dopamine (50 and 100 μg/g body wt) caused a significant reduction in serum GtH in fish with elevated GtH levels as a result of pretreatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs either alone or in combination with the dopamine receptor antagonist domperidone. In summary, the present study provides direct evidence that dopamine functions as a gonadotropin-release inhibitory factor in the Chinese loach by blocking spontaneous and GnRH-stimulated GtH release.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 11 (1993), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: goldfish ; pituitary ; growth hormone ; gonadotropin ; somatostatin ; dopamine ; D1 receptors ; body growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des approches menées in vivo et in vitro ont été utilisées pour examiner le rôle de la dopamine (DA) en tant que facteur stimulant la libération d'hormone de croissance (GH) chez le poisson rouge. La DA stimule la libération de GH d'une façon dose dépendante par des fragments hypophysaires maintenus en périfusion. L'action stimulatrice de DA sur la libération de GH varie avec la saison avec un effet maximal chez les poissons sexuellement régressés, intermèdiare chez les poissons en recrudescence et minimal chez les animaux matures (préreproduction). La résponse en GH à la DA est bloquée par l'antagoniste des récepteurs dopaminergiques D1 (+)SCH23390, confirmant l'implication de ces types de récepteurs dans la libération de la GH induite par la DA. En utilisant des incubations statiques de cellules hypophysaires, la somatostatine, inhibiteur connu de la libération de GH chez le poisson rouge, abolit la réponse en GH à la DA. Des injections intrapéritonèales d'apomorphine, agoniste non sélectif de la dopamine, augmente les teneurs en GH plasmatique et la croissance linèaire du poisson rouge. Ces résultats suggèrent fortement le rôle de la DA comme facteur stimulant la libération de GH par l'intermèdiaire de récepteurs dopaminergiques D1 chez le poisson rouge.
    Notes: Abstract In vivo and in vitro approaches have been used to examine the role of dopamine (DA) as a growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor in the goldfish. DA stimulated GH release from perifused pituitary fragments of goldfish in a dose-dependent manner. The GH-releasing effect of DA was seasonal, being the highest in sexually regressed fish, intermediate in recrudescent fish, and the lowest in sexually mature (prespawning) fish. The GH response to DA was blocked by the D1 antagonist (+)SCH23390, confirming the involvement of D1 receptors in DA-stimulated GH release. In studies using static incubation of pituitary cells, somatostatin, a known physiological GH-release inhibitor in the goldfish, abolished the GH response to DA. Intraperitoneal injection of apomorphine, a non-selective DA agonist, also increased the plasma GH levels and enhanced the linear body growth of goldfish. These results strongly suggest that DA, by acting through DA D1 receptors, functions as a GH-releasing factor in the goldfish.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; Anguilla ; reproduction ; neuroendocrinology ; GnRH ; mGnRH ; cGnRH II ; steroid feedback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au moyen de dosages radioimmunologiques spécifiques de chacune des formes de GnRH présentes chez l'anguille européenne, Anguilla anguilla, (mGnRH et cGnRH II), nous avons comparé leur répartition dans l'hypophyse et les différentes parties du cerveau, chez l'anguille femelle argentée, ainsi que les modifications de leurs teneurs chez des femelles dont la maturation sexuelle est induite par un traitement à l'extrait hypophysaire de carpe. Chez les témoins, mGnRH est plus abondant que cGnRH II dans l'hypophyse, les lobes olfactifs et le téléncéphale, le di-et mésencéphale, alors que l'inverse est observé dans la partie postérieure du cerveau (mét- et mésencéphale). La maturation expérimentale des gonades entraine une augmentation significative des teneurs en mGnRH de l'hypophyse et des parties antérieures du cerveau; un tel effet positif n'est pas observé sur les faibles teneurs en cGnRH II qui, au contraire, sont diminuées. Ces données indiquent que le rétrocontrôle positif des stéroides gonadiques sur GnRH, que nous avions démontré précédemment, s'exercerait spécifiquement sur la forme mGnRH. Les différences dans la répartition et le contrôle de mGnRH et cGnRH II suggèrent que ces deux formes ont des rôles physiologiques différents chez l'anguille. L'élévation importante de mGnRH lors de la maturation sexuelle suggère l'implication principale de cette forme dans le contrôle neuroendocrine de la fonction de reproduction.
    Notes: Abstract Using specific radioimmunoassays for the two GnRH molecular forms present in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla, (mGnRH and cGnRH II), we compared their distributions in the pituitary and different parts of the brain of female silver eels, as well as the modifications of their levels in experimentally matured female eels (treated with carp pituitary extract). In control eels, mGnRH levels were higher than cGnRH II levels in the pituitary, olfactory lobes and telencephalon, di- and mesencephalon, while the opposite was found in the posterior part of the brain (met- and myelencephalon). Experimental sexual maturation of the gonads significantly increased mGnRH levels in the pituitary and anterior parts of the brain; such a positive effect was not observed on the low cGnRH II levels, which were, in contrast, reduced. These data indicate that the positive feedback of gonadal hormones on GnRH, that we previously demonstrated, would specifically affect the mGnRH form. The differential distribution and control of mGnRH and cGnRH II suggest that these two forms have different physiological roles in the eel. The large increase in mGnRH during sexual maturation suggests the prime implication of this form in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 7 (1989), S. 133-139 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: goldfish ; growth hormone ; growth hormone-releasing hormone ; gonadotropin-releasing hormone ; in vitro ; in vivo ; somatostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In vivo andin vitro techniques were used to examine the influence of various vertebrate peptides on growth hormone (GH) secretion in the goldfish. Tetradecapeptide somatostatin (SRIF-14) was found to inhibit GH secretionin vitro from perifused pituitary fragments, whereas similar concentrations of a salmonid SRIF peptide (sSRIF-25) did not affect GH secretion from the goldfish pituitary fragments. This indicates that SRIF receptors on the goldfish pituitary are very specific for SRIF-14-like peptides. Salmon gonadotropin (GTH)-releasing hormone (sGnRH) was found to elevate serum GH levels in male goldfish. The dopamine antagonist pimozide alone or injected in combination with sGnRH did not influence serum GH levels, although injection of pimozide alone significantly elevated serum GTH levels, in addition to potentiating the effects of sGnRH on GTH secretion. sGnRH stimulated GH secretion from goldfish pituitary fragmentsin vitro, indicating that sGnRH acts directly at the level of the pituitary to stimulate GH secretion in the goldfish. These results suggest that GnRH may also function as a GH-releasing factor in the goldfish, although the release-inhibitory factors for GH and GTH secretion do appear to be separate and distinct. Two human GH-releasing hormone (hGHRH) peptides were found to be ineffective in altering GH secretionin vitro from the perifused pituitary fragments. Consequently, a role for a mammalian GHRH-like peptide in the hypothalamic regulation of GH secretion in the goldfish remains questionable.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: TRH ; growth hormone ; somatostatin ; apomorphine ; extracellular calcium ; pituitary fragment ; common carp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de la thyrotropine (TRH) sur la sécrétion d'hormone de croissance (GH) et de gonadotropine (GTH), et de la somatostatine (SRIF), de l'apomorphine (APO), antagoniste dopaminergique, et du calcium extracellulaire sur les sécrétions basale et stimulée de GH ont été étudiées in vitro par périfusion, de fragments d'hypophyses de carpe (Cyprinus carpio). Des applications de 5 minutes de TRH à différentes concentrations induisent une stimulation rapide et dose dépendante de la sécrétion de GH (ED50 = 9.7 ± 2.3 nM). Le TRH est sans effet sur la sécrétion de GTH. Le SRIF inhibe la sécrétion basale de GH ainsi que la résponse hypophysaire à l'action du TRH. Son action est dose dépendante. L'apomorphine induit une augmentation dose dépendante de la sécrétion basale de GH et potentialise l'action du TRH sur la stimulation de la sécrétion de GH. Des effets équivalents sont induits par des concentrations croissantes de calcium extra cellulaire de 0 à 1.2 mM, alors qu'à une concentration de 6.25 mM des effets opposés sont obtenus.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on growth hormone (GH) and gonadotropin (GtH) release, and the influences of somatostatin (SRIF), the dopamine agonist apomorphine (APO) and extracellular calcium on basal and TRH-induced GH release were examined using an in vitro perifusion system for pituitary fragments of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Five minute pulses of different dosages of TRH stimulated a rapid and dose-dependent increase in GH release from the perifused pituitary fragments with an ED50 of 9.7 ± 2.3 nM. TRH was ineffective on GtH release. SRIF significantly inhibited basal and TRH-induced GH release from the perifused pituitary fragments, and the effects of SRIF were dose-dependent. APO induced a dose-dependent increase in basal and TRH-stimulated GH release from the perifused pituitary fragments. Increasing the concentrations of extracellular calcium from 0 mM to 1.25 mM resulted in an increase in basal and TRH-induced GH release. The high dose of calcium (6.25 mM) caused a slight decrease in basal and TRH-induced GH release compared with those at a concentration of 1.25 mM.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Goldfish ; Glutamate ; Gonadotropin ; Prolactin ; Nucleus lateral tuberis ; Hypothalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) was injected intraperitoneally into goldfish at a dosage of 2.5mg/g body weight. At 24 h post-injection there was a marked hypertrophy and edema in the region of the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) from the anterior margin of the pituitary stalk through to the posterior end of the NLT, irrespective of the sex of the goldfish. A similar hypertrophy and edema occurred ventral to the anterior commissure in the preoptic region in the anterior-ventral nucleus preopticus periventricularis (NPP). At 6 h post-injection a slight vacuolization was evident in these two regions, and at two days the hypertrophy and edema had abated from the extent observed at 24 h post-injection. At five and eight days post-injection only necrotic cells were found in the affected NLT region, but only a small band of necrotic cells was evident in the anterior-ventral preoptic region. No other brain lesions were evident. Serum levels of gonadotropin (GtH) were increased at 6 h, 24 h, and two days after treatment with MSG, but were similar to control values at five, seven and eight days after MSG in male and female goldfish. Exocytosis of small dark secretory granules in gonadotrophs was evident at 24 h after MSG in a fish with a somewhat greater increase in serum GtH than usually found. The time course of increased serum GtH levels postinjection of MSG is consistent with the observed time course of hypertrophy and atrophy of NLT neurons; the increase in serum levels of GtH is interpreted to reflect a stimulation of release of GtH-releasing factor from neurons in the NLT. Electron microscope investigation indicates that prolactin cells have increased secretory and synthetic activity from 24 h through to seven days post-injection of MSG. The mechanism for stimulation of the prolactin cells by MSG is not known. No other changes in activity of adenohypophysial secretory cells were found.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone ; Teleosts ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuroendocrine control ; Reproduction ; Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organization of Gn-RH systems in the brain of teleosts has been investigated previously by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against the mammalian decapeptide which differs from the teleostean factor. Here, we report the distribution of immunoreactive Gn-RH in the brain of goldfish using antibodies against synthetic teleost peptide. Immunoreactive structures are found along a column extending from the rostral olfactory bulbs to the pituitary stalk. Cell bodies are observed within the olfactory nerves and bulbs, along the ventromedial telencephalon, the ventrolateral preoptic area and the latero-basal hypothalamus. Large perikarya are detected in the dorsal midbrain tegmentum, immediately caudal to the posterior commissure. A prominent pathway was traced from the cells located in the olfactory nerves through the medial olfactory tract and along all the perikarya described above to the pituitary stalk. In the pituitary, projections are restricted to the proximal pars distalis. A second immunoreactive pathway ascends more dorsally in the telencephalon and arches to the periventricular regions of the diencephalon. Part of this pathway forms a periventricular network in the dorsal and posterior hypothalamus, whereas other projections continue caudally to the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord. Lesions of the ventral preoptic area demonstrate that most of the fibers detected in the pituitary originate from the preoptic region.
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