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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of Synaptotagmin I Phosphorylation by Multiple Protein Kinases (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 73 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract : Synaptotagmin I has been suggested to function as a low-affinity calcium sensor for calcium-triggered exocytosis from neurons and neuroendocrine cells. We have studied the phosphorylation of synaptotagmin I by a variety of protein kinases in vitro and in intact preparations. Syntagl, the purified, recombinant, cytoplasmic domain of rat synaptotagmin I, was an effective substrate in vitro for Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), protein kinase C (PKC), and casein kinase II (caskII). Sequencing of tryptic phosphopeptides from syntagl revealed that CaMKII and PKC phosphorylated the same residue, corresponding to Thr112, whereas CaskII phosphorylated two residues, corresponding to Thr125 and Thr128. Endogenous synaptotagmin I was phosphorylated on purified synaptic vesicles by all three kinases. In contrast, no phosphorylation was observed on clathrin-coated vesicles, suggesting that phosphorylation of synaptotagmin I in vivo occurs only at specific stage(s) of the synaptic vesicle life cycle. In rat brain synaptosomes and PC12 cells, K+-evoked depolarization or treatment with phorbol ester caused an increase in the phosphorylation state of synaptotagmin I at Thr112. The results suggest the possibility that the phosphorylation of synaptotagmin I by CaMKII and PKC contributes to the mechanism(s) by which these two kinases regulate neurotransmitter release.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0730921.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sustained Neurotransmitter Release: New Molecular Clues (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 9 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Chemical synapses convey impulses at high frequency by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. To avoid failure of synaptic transmission, rapid replenishment of synaptic vesicles must occur. Recent molecular perturbation studies have confirmed that the recycling of synaptic vesicles involves clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The rate of exocytosis would thus be limited by the capacity of the synaptic clathrin machinery unless vesicles could be drawn from existing pools. The mobilization of vesicles from the pool clustered at the release sites appears to provide a mechanism by which the rate of exocytosis can intermittently exceed the rate of recycling. Perturbation of synapsins causes disruption of vesicle clusters and impairment of synaptic transmission at high but not at low frequencies. Both clathrin-mediated recycling and mobilization of vesicles from the reserve pool are thus important in the replenishment of synaptic vesicles. The efficacy of each mechanism appears to differ between synapses which operate with different patterns of activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01679.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A functional role for nitric oxide in locus coeruleus: immunohistochemical and electrophysiological studies (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 98 (1994), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Synaptic transmission ; Brain slice ; Synapse ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical analysis of the localization of nitric oxide synthase-(NOS)-like immunoreactivity revealed the presence of this enzyme in a few neuronal cell bodies and in dendritic and axonal processes within the rat locus coeruleus (LC). Also cells in the pericoeruleus area were NOS-positive. Intracellular recordings were made from LC neurons in brain slices. Bath application of the NOS inhibitors nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) or N G-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) potently enhanced the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) evoked by focal electrical stimulation of the slice. Hemoglobin, which binds extracellular NO, also enhanced the EPSP. This enhancement was reversed by coadministration of l-arginine, a precursor of neuronal nitric oxide (NO). Neither NOS inhibitors, l-arginine, nor hemoglobin had effects on the resting membrane potential or impedance. These results suggest a role for NO in synaptic transmission in the LC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229111
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distinct pools of synaptic vesicles in neurotransmitter release (1995)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 375 (1995), S. 493-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fluorescence-tagged synapsin antibodies, which recognize a synapsin-Ia-like protein in lamprey CNS (Fig. la, b, g, h, /), were injected into living lamprey reticulospinal axons2, in which en passant synapses are distributed along a single main axonal trunk. Within ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375493a0
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