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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compartmental changes in the contents of total lipid, lipid classes and their associated fatty acids in developing yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.) (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 1 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Total lipid, lipid classes and their associated fatty acids have been measured in whole halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.) larvae and in dissected animals separated into yolk and body compartments. At hatching the larval body contained 17 μg ind−1 of lipid (11% of larval body dry weight), while the yolk contained 190 μg ind−1. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) accounted for 57% of total yolk lipids while phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), triacylglycerol (TAG), cholesterol and sterol ester (SE) accounted for 12%, 12%, 9% and 6% respectively. The main fatty acids in the PC fraction were 22:6n-3 (25.6 μg ind−1), 16:0 (19.2 μg ind−1) and 20:5n-3 (12.6 μg ind−1).Between hatch and 200 day-degrees post hatch (D°PH) a net decline in total lipids of 29% was seen. There seemed to be some, but relatively minor, changes in the relative composition of lipids in the yolk throughout development, which are indicative of a non-selective endocytotic bulk uptake of lipids from the yolk. Towards first-feeding there was a selective catabolism of PC and a net synthesis of PE in the developing body, resulting in a shift in the lipid class composition in the body compared with that of the yolk.The fatty acids released from lipid hydrolysis were mainly used as energy substrates by the growing halibut larvae; 22:6n-3 was quantitatively one of the most important fatty acid fuel in energy metabolism. At the same time 38% and 23% of the 22:6n-3 released from PC was retained by the PE and neutral lipids in the growing larval body respectively. Except for 20:5n-3 (2%, 14%) no similar retention was seen in any of the other fatty acids. The observed net synthesis of PE in developing yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic halibut and the preferential retention of 22:6n-3 into it, increasing from 28% at hatching to 45% at 200 D°PH, may point to a high biological value of this compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.1995.tb00027.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Folate in eggs and developing larvae of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Folate mobilization from the yolk compartment during larval development was studied by analysing the folate concentration in whole body, embryo and yolk in a single batch of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., eggs and larvae that showed successful fertilization and development. There was a net loss of approx. 50% of folate from yolk during endogenous feeding. Further, only 23% of the decrease in yolk folate was retained in the larval body. The data suggest a need for folate for metabolic and growth purposes during embryogenesis of approximately 2 μg g−1 weight gain. Relative to these data and published folate requirement for cold-water species, batches of egg from 16 Atlantic halibut brood fish contained variable and, for some batches, critically low levels of folate. This may constitute a potential problem for larval development until start feeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00242.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cholecystokinin and tryptic activity in the gut and body of developing Atlantic halibut larvae: evidence for participation in the regulation of protein digestion (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 61 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: At 7 days after first feeding (DAFF), the peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) content (fmol individual−1) and the tryptic activity [μmol arginine-methyl-coumarinyl-7-amide (MCA) min−1 individual−1] per individual gut of Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus larvae were low: 0·2 ± 0·1 and 0·14 ± 0·10, respectively. Thereafter, both parameters increased with the increase in gut mass and reached 19·67 ± 5·58 and 2·71 ± 0·64 at 26 DAFF, respectively. Due to the small sample size, the dry mass (MG, mg) of the individual gut could not be determined accurately at 7 DAFF. At 13 DAFF MG represented 5·5% of whole body dry mass (Mw, mg) while at 26 DAFF it had increased to 23%. The mass specific tryptic activity [μmol MCA min−1 per mg dry mass (M)] in the gut increased from 2·74 ± 1 ± 98 at 13 DAFF to 5·00 ± 0·78 at 26 DAFF. There was more individual variation in the mass specific CCK content (fmol M−1) but no significant differences were found, although the data indicated an increase (from 23·38 ± 11·26 at 13 DAFF to 36·27 ± 8·96 fmol M−1 at 26 DAFF). At 7 DAFF the CCK content of the gut represented c. 2% of the whole body CCK content while it increased to c. 62% of the whole body CCK content at 26 DAFF. This demonstrates that it is necessary to separate neural and gastrointestinal sources of CCK in order to determine its alimentary role in fish larvae. Trypsin activity was only found in the gut compartment. In larvae aged 45 DAFF dietary proteins delivery into the gut by tube-feeding appeared to stimulate post-prandial secretion of CCK from the gut as well as stimulate pancreatic trypsin secretion, suggesting that both factors contribute to protein digestion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb01856.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retrograde peristalsis; a possible mechanism for filling the pyloric caeca? (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 56 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A marked, relatively rapid retrograde peristaltic activity was observed in the pyloric region of Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus in vitro and in vivo. This could provide a mechanism for filling the pyloric caeca, and the retrograde contraction could also be involved in mixing the chyme with digestive secretions in the region of the pyloric caeca.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02098.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol levels in larvae of Atlantic halibut before and after exogenous feeding (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 55 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ascorbic acid (AA) and α-tocopherol (α-TOH) levels in whole Atlantic halibut larvae were constant during the yolk sac stage at 170 and 131 ng individual−1, respectively. At hatching c. 80% of the AA and 97% of the α-TOH were contained within the yolk-sac compartment. With development, AA and α-TOH levels in the yolk decreased, at different rates. At first feeding (at 200 day degrees post hatch, D°PH)〉95% of AA but 〈30% of α-TOH in the yolk at hatching had been transferred to the larval body. Transfer of α-TOH was completed at 360 D°PH, when the yolk was completely absorbed. The plankton offered to the larvae at first feeding (chiefly Temora longicornis) contained 756 μg g−1 AA and 120 μg g−1α-TOH (dry weight). The AA content increased to 472 ng individual−1 within one week after first feeding, while it declined slightly in unfed larvae. In fed larvae the AA content reached c. 3500 ng individual−1 at 580 D)PH. The α-TOH content increased only slightly in the first week of feeding (206 to 431 D°PH), but then increased to 〉 800 ng individual−1 at 483 D°PH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00713.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Digestion and absorption of a pure triacylglycerol and a free fatty acid by Clupea harengus L. larvae (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 67 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The digestion, absorption and post absorptive metabolism of a radiolabelled triacylglycerol (TAG; triolein) and a free fatty acid (FFA; oleic acid), delivered by tube feeding, was studied in herring Clupea harengus larvae, using metabolic chambers and video analysis. In general, a large amount of the delivered lipid was evacuated. Most of the evacuation occurred between 2 and 6 h after tube feeding although a group of larvae responded by rapidly evacuating the lipid (〉50% before 2 h). The volume of the tube-fed lipid affected its utilization. A small volume of triolein (9·2 nl, representing c. 6% of gut filling capacity) resulted in a lower proportion of fast evacuating larvae and improved utilization (lower evacuation and higher absorption: body incorporation and catabolism) compared with 50·6 nl (c. 17% of gut filling capacity). Increases in the volume of tube fed triolein enhanced only marginally label absorption and led to a steep rise in evacuation. At a comparable high volume (50·6 nl), oleic acid, which does not require digestion, was better absorbed and less evacuated than triolein. The video observation of the lipid digestive process revealed a considerable gut contractile activity that appeared effective in processing the tube fed lipid. Also, the gut wall seemed very sensitive to physical pressure. Signs of chemical degradation during lipid digestion were also noted. The metabolic studies, together with video image analysis, suggested that the limiting step for the utilization of high dietary lipid levels may have been the lipid absorption into the enterocytes and transport into the body, rather than lipid digestion. The results support the notion that the rate of lipid digestion and absorption in fishes is slower than that of mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00731.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy metabolism in eggs and larvae of the Senegal sole (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 55 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Oxygen consumption in Solea senegalensis increased during the egg stage reaching values close to 4 nmol O2 ind−1 at hatching. After hatching, larval oxygen consumption continued to increase, reaching a maximum rate of 9.97−1±87 nmol O2 ind−1 h−1 2 days after the opening of the mouth. Body nitrogen content decreased mainly after exhaustion of yolk reserves. Carbon content decreased during the whole endogenous feeding phase, although it decreased twice as quickly after yolk-sac absorption. The free amino acid (FAA) depletion rate was higher during egg development and the yolk-sac period. Complete yolk absorption coincided with the consumption of the 90% of initial FAA content in the eggs and the remaining FAA were consumed at a lower rate. Based on stoichiometrical calculations, FAA appears to be the most important energy substrate during the egg stage (86%) in the Senegal sole. During the period from hatching to the mouth opening, contributions of FAA and lipids as metabolic fuels were similar (41 and 47%, respectively). The decrease in larval protein content during starvation indicates that amino acids from body protein are used as energy substrates under food deprivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb01056.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance of free amino acids to the energy metabolism of eggs and larvae of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) (1992)
    Springer
    Marine biology 114 (1992), S. 517-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to establish the role of free amino acids (FAA) in aerobic energy dissipation in embryos of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) which contain an oil globule in the egg. Laboratory-reared developing eggs and larvae (15°C, 34‰ salinity) were measured for oxygen uptake, ammonia excretion, contents of FAA, protein, and ammonium, and volumes of yolksac and oil globule. Newly spawned eggs from different batches contained 55 to 90 nmol egg−1 of FAA. Resorption of FAA occurred in parallel with the consumption of yolk. Resorption of the oil globule, however, occurred predominantly after hatching and mainly after yolk resorption. The combined data suggest that approximately 70% of the FAA are utilized as an energy substrate, while the rest are polymerized into body proteins. FAA become a significant energy substrate in the early egg stage and account for 100% of the aerobic energy dissipation 2 d after Fertilization then decrease to ca. 60% at the time of hatching. Lipids derived from the oil globule seem to be the main fuel after hatching and account for ca. 90% of the energy dissipation at the onset of first-feeding. Thus, the energetics of fish embryos which contain an oil globule seems to be different from those that depend exclusively on the nutritional reserves of the yolk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00357249
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy metabolism during development of eggs and larvae of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) (1994)
    Springer
    Marine biology 120 (1994), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Developing eggs and larvae of laboratory-reared gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) maintained in filtered seawater (40 ppt) at 18°C, were measured for oxygen uptake, ammonia excretion, contents of free amino acids (FAA), protein, fatty acids (FA) accumulated ammonia, and volumes of yolk-sac and oil globule. Absorption of the yolk coincided with the consumption of FAA and was complete ca. 100 h post-fertilisation. Amino acids from protein were mobilised for energy in the last part of the yolk-sac stage. Absorption of the oil globule occurred primarily after hatching following yolk absorption, and correlated with catabolism of the FA neutral lipids. Overall, FAA appear to be a significant energy substrate during the egg stage (60 to 70%) while FA from neutral lipids derived from the oil globule are the main metabolic fuel after hatching (80 to 90%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349678
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water-soluble vitamins in natural plankton (copepods) during two consecutive spring blooms compared to vitamins in Artemia franciscana nauplii and metanauplii (2000)
    Springer
    Marine biology 136 (2000), S. 765-772 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Weight-specific contents of asorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, biotin, folate and vitamin B12 were analysed in natural zooplankton collected from a sea water lagoon in a halibut fry production plant. The samples of natural zooplankton were collected from April/May to the end of June during two consecutive spring blooms. For comparison, the same vitamins were measured in nauplii of Artemia franciscana, just after hatching and after enrichment for 24 and 48 h with a commercial diet. The changes in vitamin content in zooplankton, which consisted mainly of Temora longicornis, during the two spring blooms were 〈2.5-fold for each specific vitamin. The large number of high quality halibut fry produced using the plankton as a dietary source suggests that the plankton contained sufficient amounts of all water-soluble vitamins. With the exception of thiamin and ascorbic acid, Artemia– both newly hatched and enriched for 24 and 48 h – contained higher levels of water-soluble vitamins than natural zooplankton. Enrichment feeding of Artemia for 48 h stabilised or increased the level of the water-soluble vitamins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270000280
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