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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 116 (1990), S. 207-214 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Cancer mortality ; Age/period/cohort models ; Projections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to project trends in mortality from 11 major cancer sites in Switzerland to the end of the current century, a log-linear Poisson age/period/cohort model with arbitrary constraints on the parameters was used, fitted to the observed rates for the period 1950–84. One projection was based on the assumption of a total absence of change in the effect of period, the second was based on a linear extrapolation of the logarithms of the seven known periods, and the third was related to a series of a priori external epidemiological hypotheses, whenever available. For instance, coefficients below unity were used for lung and other tobacco-related neoplasms in men, since some decline in exposure to tobacco carcinogens was observed among Swiss men, and above unity for women since the prevalence of smoking has risen among successive generations of women. Although the method has limitations and uncertainties, several qualitative indications could be derived from this exercise. For instance, the various models suggest that the age-standardized mortality from oral cancer in men will probably increase up to the end of the century, even under the optimistic assumption of an appreciable decline in smoking, while cancer of the oesophagus is likely to level-off around current values, as other tobacco-related neoplasms, prostate cancer in men, and breast cancer in women will probably do. Some steady decline is predicted by various models fitted to the incidence of stomach and intestinal cancer in both sexes, and to ovarian cancer. Lung cancer will continue to rise in women but will stop rising in men, and it will possibly fall if the hypothesis of a decline in exposure to tobacco carcinogens proves correct. Although any prediction has, by definition, substantial difficulties and uncertainties, projections of cancer mortality in the near future are based on a substantial amount of information already available, and may offer valuable information for epidemiological inferences and health planning purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 117 (1991), S. 497-501 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Mortality rates ; Young adults ; Neoplasms ; Time trends ; Descriptive epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Trends in mortality from all neoplasms and major cancer sites in Switzerland among populations aged between 20 and 44 years are presented. In men total cancer mortality was approximately constant around 270/106 between 1951 and 1965, but declined appreciably thereafter to 217 per million in 1980–1989. The overall fall was 20%. The pattern of trends was similar for women, although a modest decline was already apparent in the earlier calendar period, and the overall fall was 29% (from 303 to 215/106). These favourable trends reflect therapeutic advancements for Hodgkin's disease, leukaemias, testis and (chiefly non-epithelial) ovarian cancer, better control of cervical cancer, the long-term decline in gastric cancer, but also the downward trends in cancer of the intestines and a few less common sites, such as gallbladder and thyroid neoplasms for reasons that are not yet clear. Appreciable rises were observed for lung and other tobacco-related sites in women, for the oral cavity in men and (in earlier calendar periods) cutaneous melanoma in both sexes. Although restricted to a selected number of sites, these rises are discouraging, since the causes of these neoplasms have long been recognized. Somewhat discouraging also is the absence of decline in male lung cancer. These problems notwithstanding, the overall pattern of trends in cancer mortality in young Swiss adults over the last few decades is still reassuring, particularly in comparison with those observed in other European countries, and in the more general frame-work of the debate on the perspectives of progress in cancer control. Although restricted to a small proportion of all cancer deaths, in fact, trends in young adults offer useful indications on the likely future trends in the same generations in the near future, since they reflect more recent changes in the pattern of exposure. The size of the changes, however, will probably differ, since the prevalent cancers in middle age are different from those in the young.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1420-911X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les tendances des taux suisses de mortalité, spécifiques et corrigés pour l'âge, attribués à l'ensemble des maladies ischémiques du coeur et des affections cérébrovasculaires ont été analysées pour la période de 1969 à 1987, ceci notamment depuis l'introduction de la Huitième Révision de la Classification Internationale des Maladies. Chez l'homme, la mortalité corrigéc par maladie ischémique du coœur relevée dans la deuxième moitié des années 80 était superposable à celle des années 60. Cette situation était précédée par une phase de progression des taux jusqu'à la moitié des années 70 (culminant à 120.4/100 000, standard mondial, en 1978) et suivie d'une diminution constante des taux au cours des années plus récentes (103.8/ 100 000 en 1987), plus marquée dans la population tronquée entre 35 et 64 ans d'âge. Chez la temme suisse, les taux corrigés pour tous les âges étaient stables autour de 40/100 000, alors que la mortalité tronquée tendait à décroître, surtout dans les années les plus récentes, avec une diminution globale de plus de 25%. L'inspection des tendances par groupes dâges a montré que, pour les deux sexes et aux plus jeunes âges, les diminutions étaient évidentes déjà au début de la période considérée, alors qu'après 50 ans quelques diminutions devenaient manifestes seulement dans les années les plus récentes. Par conséquent, l'analyse par un modèle log-linéaire âge/période/cohorte a mis en évidence une composante de période autant que de génération. Les affections cérébro-vas-culaires ont globalement diminué d'environ 40% chez l'homme (de 67.4 à 41.2/100 000, standard mondial) et de 45% chez la femme (de 56.6 à 31.7/ 100 000), et, proportionnellement, d'une manière comparable à travers les groupes d'âge successifs audelà de 45 ans. Les estimations à partir du modèle âge/période/cohorte étaient donc en diminution pour la composante de période autant que de cohorte bien que, dans une telle situation il soit difficile de déterminer quelle est la principale composante sousjacente. La persistance de ces diminutions de mortalité par maladie cérébro-vasculaire est remarquable, le niveau de ces affections en Suisse n'étant dépassé par aucun autre pays industrialisé. Par rapport à la situation de la fin des années 60 ou du début des années 70, les diminutions représentent plus de 4000 décès évités par année. Les reculs de la mortalité par maladies ischémiques du coeur ressemblent à ce que l'our observe dans d'autres pays d'Europe occidentale, avec toutefois un décalage de 10 à 15 ans par rapport aux Etats-Unis. Dans une optique de santé publique, ces baisses revêtent donc aussi une importance considérable.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit Veränderungen der altersstandardisierten Sterberaten für koronare Herzkrankheit sowie für zerebrovaskuläre Krankheiten in der Schweiz in der Zeitperiode von 1969 bis 1987 (seit der Einführung der 8. Revision der internationalen Klassifikation der Krankheiten). Die Sterblichkeit an koronarer Herzkrankheit ist seit Mitte der 80er Jahre wieder auf das Niveau der späten 60er Jahre zurückgegangen, nachdem in den 70er Jahren eine Zunahme zu verzeichnen war. Die höchste Rate wurde mit 120,4 pro 100 000 im Jahr 1978 erreicht und ist in der Zwischenzeit auf 103, 8 pro 100 000 (1987) zurückgegangen (standardisiert nach der Weltbevökerung). Der Rückgang war bei den mittleren Jahrgängen (35–64 Jahre) noch deutlicher. Die Sterblichkeit bei Frauen war über diese Zeitperiode relativ stabil (40/100 000); bei den mittleren Jahrgängen zeigte sich auch hier ein deutlicher Rückgang um rund 25%. Die nähere Analyse altersspezifischer Trends zeigt, dass der Rückgang der Sterblichkeit bei jüngeren Altersgruppen beider Geschlechter schon früher nachweisbar ist, während eine Reduktion des Sterberisikos vom 50. Altersjahr an erst kürzlich sichtbar geworden ist. In einem statistischen Modell (Alters-, Zeitperiode-, Kohorten-Modell) zeigt sich daher ein Beitrag zur sterberisikoabnahme sowohl aufgrund eines Zeitperioden-als auch eines Geburtskohorten-Effektes. Die zerebrovaskulären Erkrankungen zeigen einen deutlicheren Rückgang: Er betrug ungefähr 40% bei der Sterblichkeit der Männer (67,4 auf 41, 2 pro 100 000) und ungefähr 45% bei frauen (von 56,6 auf 31,7 pro 100 000). Aehnliche Rückgänge ergeben sich für die verschiedenen Altersgruppen vom 45. Altersjahr an. Die kontinuierliche Reduktion der Schlaganfallsterblichkeit ist besonders bemerkenswert, da die Sterblichkeit an dieser Krankheit in der Schweiz nun niedriger als in irgendeinem anderen industrialisierten Land ist. Würden heute noch die Sterberaten von 1960 oder anfangs 1970 vorherrschen, so träten jährlich rund 4000 Todesfälle pro Jahr mehr auf. Der kürzliche Rückgang, auch bei der Sterblichkeit der koronaren Herzkrankheit ist mit der Entwicklung in anderen westeuropäischen Ländern vergleichbar. Wenn hier noch die früheren Raten gelten würden, müsste mit rund 1300 Todesfällen pro Jahr mehr gerechnet werden.
    Notes: Summary Trends in age-specific and age-standardized death certification rates from all ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in Switzerland have been analysed for the period 1969–87, i.e. since the introduction of the Eighth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases for coding causes of death. For coronary heart disease, overall age-standardized rates of males in the mid-late 1980's were similar to those in the late 1960's, although some upward trend was evident up to the mid 1970's (with a peak rate of 120.4/100 00, World standard, in 1978) followed by steady declines in more recent years (103.8/100 000 in 1987). These falls were larger in truncated (35 to 64 years) rates. For females, overall age-standardized rates were stable around a value of 40/100 000, while truncated rates tended to decrease, particularly over most recent years, with an overall decline of over 25%. Examination of age-specific trends showed that in both sexes declines at younger ages were already evident in the earlier calendar period, while above age 50 some fall became evident only in most recent years. Thus, in a formal log-linear age/period/cohort model, both a period and a cohort component emerged. In relation to cerebrovascular diseases, the overall declines were around 40% in males (from 67.4 to 41.2/ 100 000, World standard) and 45% for females (from 56.6 to 31.7/100 000), and were proportionally comparable across subsequent age groups above age 45. The estimates for the age/period/cohort model were thus downwards both for the period and the cohort component although, in such a situation, it is difficult to disentangle the major underlying component. These persistent declines in stroke mortality are remarkable, since certified mortality is now lower in Switzerland than in any other industrialized country, and correspond to the avoidance of over 4000 deaths per year, as compared with the rates of the late 1960's or early 1970's. The recent falls in ischaemic heart disease mortality are similar to those observed in several other western European countries with a 10 to 15 year delay in comparison with the USA, and are of major public health relevance, too, since they correspond to the avoidance of about 1300 deaths per year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sozial- und Präventivmedizin 36 (1991), S. 112-126 
    ISSN: 1420-911X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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