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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dark exposure inhibits the mitotic activity of thyroid follicular cells in male mice with intact pineal (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1284-1285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mice, male ; dark exposure ; activation, light-restriction-induced ; pineal ; thyroid follicular cells, mitotic activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946676
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pineal inhibition of compensatory testicular enlargement in light-deprived hamsters (1970)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 26 (1970), S. 1153-1154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Halbseitige Kastration fÜhrt bei geblendeten Goldhamstermännchen mit Atrophie der Geschlechtsorgane nur nach Pinealektomie zu kompensatorischer Hodenhypertrophie.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02112732
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Day-night differences in estimated rates of 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover in the rat pineal gland (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 432-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; RO4-4602 ; NSD-1015 ; Pargyline ; Pineal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rates of 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in various brain tissues can be estimated from the linear increase in 5-hydroxytryptophan levels following inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylation with RO4-4602 or NSD-1015. In addition, NSD-1015 can prevent 5-hydroxytryptamine oxidative-deamination via monoamine oxidase inhibition, leading to linear decreases in a major metabolite of this amine, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. In the rat pineal gland we demonstrated similar increases in 5-hydroxytryptophan levels after nocturnal or diurnal injection of RO4-4602 (100 mg · kg−1) or NSD-1015 (200 mg · kg−1). Similar decreases in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid were also observed after nocturnal or diurnal injection of NSD-1015 or pargyline (an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase) (75 mg · kg−1). 5-Hydroxytryptamine levels increased after nocturnal pargyline injection but remained constant after diurnal pargyline administration. 5-Hydroxytryptamine levels exhibited little change following nocturnal injection of NSD-1015 but decreased linearly after diurnal injection of NSD-1015. We suggest that (1) rat pineal 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis is increased nocturnally, (2) metabolic utilization, primarily by oxidative-deamination, of 5-hydroxytryptamine is increased diurnally and (3) basal levels of pineal 5-hydroxytryptamine may be stored within adrenergic nerve endings which innervate the pinealocytes responsible for synthesizing this amine, thus “protecting” or otherwise making unavailable this pool of 5-hydroxytryptamine for metabolic utilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235468
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melatonin as an antioxidant – a role in human aging? (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Experimental dermatology 13 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, commonly known as melatonin, was isolated and structurally identified by a dermatologist, Aaron B. Lerner, in 1958. His interest stemmed from the fact that melatonin has potent skin-lightening effects in amphibians and some other non-mammalian species. In humans, however, melatonin is not capable of lightening skin or in reducing pigmentation. While melatonin synthesis is the best known to occur in the pineal gland, it is also produced in several other organs including the skin. Melatonin is a powerful, multifaceted direct free radical scavenger and indirect antioxidant. Numerous studies have shown that melatonin production wanes with increasing age and its loss has been speculated to be consequential in free radical-mediated cellular and organ deterioration that occurs in the elderly. Additionally, a number of free radical-related diseases, e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsonism, cataract formation, etc., may in part be a consequence of the loss of endogenous melatonin production. The administration of melatonin in animal models of these diseases typically defers their progression and limits their severity. Likewise, due to its antioxidant properties and via other mechanisms, melatonin may reduce skin aging. Melatonin, when applied topically to the skin of humans, has obvious protective effects against ultraviolet (UV) light-induced erythema. Also, lipid peroxidation in human skin fibroblasts due to their exposure to UV-B is reduced when melatonin is present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.0212al.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Physiology: Pineal Gland (1973)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 35 (1973), S. 305-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.35.030173.001513
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Different Patterns in the Histology and Autofluorescence of the Harderian Glands of the Syrian Hamster, Rat, Mouse, Mongolian Gerbil and Guinea Pig (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 30 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to compare the natural fluorescence in the Harderian glands of the Syrian hamster, rat, mouse, Mongolian gerbil and guinea pig (both sexes). For each species, 10 animals (five males and five females) were used. Histological autofluorescence studies were performed using a fluorescence microscope (450–490 nm filter). Two different types of fluorescent cells were observed in both hamster (type AFI high intensity and type AFII, low fluorescence) and rat (type AFI, low fluorescence and type AFII, high fluorescence) Harderian glands. The fluorescence was basally located in all mice cells, whereas it was observed near the epithelial cell nuclei in the Mongolian gerbil (occupying two-thirds and one-third of the cells in males and females, respectively). A high intensity of fluorescence was present throughout the acinar cells in the guinea pig. The patterns of fluorescence identified exhibited a sexual dimorphism in all species studied. These results demonstrate that the Harderian glands of the animal species examined exhibit a variety of histological autofluorescence patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2001.00309.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Superficial Pineal Gland of the 15-day-old rat (Rattus norvegicus) (2004)
    Berlin, Germany : Blackwell Verlag GmbH
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 33 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The presence of a cortex and medulla in the superficial pineal gland has been a controversial point in the morphology of this structure in mammals. The published reports indicate contradictory data especially in rodents. In this study the pineal gland of 15-day-old male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were studied, using scanning electron microscopy, in an attempt to determine whether or not a cortex and medulla are apparent in the pineal gland of young rats. The superficial pineal gland of the 15-day-old rat exhibited both a cortex and a medulla; these areas exhibited different structural organizations. The cortex had a thickness of 40–80 μm and the cells did not show a particular arrangement. The center of the gland was composed of a medulla, which had a width of 1000–1200 μm, and consisted of cells arranged in cords; its morphology was distinctly different from that of the cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2004.00527.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Type II Thyroxine 5′-Deiodinase Activity in the Rat Brown Adipose Tissue, Pineal Gland, Harderian Gland, and Cerebral Cortex: Effect of Acute Cold Exposure and Lack of Relationship to Pineal Melatonin Synthesis (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of pineal research 9 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of acute cold exposure for 6 hours on nocturnal type II thyroxine 5′- deiodinase (5′-D) activity was studied in brown adipose tissue (BAT), Harderian gland, cerebral cortex, and pineal gland of the rat. Moreover, the effect of iopanoic acid (IOP), a potent inhibitor of 5′-D activity, on both pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin content in rats maintained in a cold environment was also examined. Results show that acute cold exposure significantly increases 5′-D activity in BAT but not in either the pineal gland, Harderian gland, or cerebral cortex. In all tissues, the injection of IOP reduced dramatically 5′-D activity, while exposure of the animals to light at night reduced 5′-D activity in pineal gland but not in either the Harderian gland or BAT while light exposure at night increased cerebrocorticol 5′-D activity. Cold exposure did not change either pineal NAT activity or the melatonin content of the gland. Finally, when pineal 5′-D activity was inhibited by IOP treatment, neither nocturnal pineal NAT activity nor melatonin content was affected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1990.tb00704.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presence and effects of melatonin in Trypanosoma cruzi (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of pineal research 27 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The unicellular organism Trypanosoma cruzi is an eukaryote whose cell cycle mainly occurs under darkness in the insect gut. The unique external phase corresponds to the metacyclic forms, the forms that are able to infect humans, which appear within the insect deyections. Thus, light may be a powerful stressor in this unicell. Epimastigote forms (the parasite forms that grow and transform to metacyclic forms in the insect gut) of Trypanosoma cruzi grow normally when cultured in a LD cycle of 0:24 hr, reaching exponential growth by the 7th day. A pulse of 2 hr of light (LD 2:22) was enough to block the growth of the epimastigotes, an effect that was correlated with the expression of heat-shock proteins during the first 120 min of light exposure. Thereafter, protein synthesis decreased. Light exposure of metacyclic forms also inhibits the parasitization ability. It is known that light regulates the production of melatonin in most animal species studied, including other unicells such as dinoflagellates. T. cruzi contains and synthesizes melatonin and, thus, light-mediated events on the parasite biological cycle could be mediated by light-induced changes in melatonin produced by this unicell. Epimastigotes cultured under continuous darkness produce melatonin over the 24 hr period in a biphasic manner. Coinciding with the melatonin peaks, there was high melatonin efflux from the parasite into the medium. Epimastigotes cultured for 7 days under a LD cycle of 2:22 hr showed a 55% reduction in melatonin content, although this reduction seems not to be related with the growth delay. In fact, incubation of epimastigotes with exogenous melatonin (1 pM) did not affect parasite growth, but significantly reduced their transformation into metacyclic forms by the 7–8th day of treatment. Thus, the light-dependent decrease in melatonin production by the unicell may be responsible, at least partially, for the light-induce parasitization inhibition. Moreover, melatonin production is highest in the metacyclic forms. These data support a link between light, melatonin production and parasitization ability of T. cruzi and suggest the participation of the indoleamine in its biological cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1999.tb00601.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hamster and Rat Pineal Gland β-Adrenoceptor Characterization With Iodocyanopindolol and the Effect of Decreased Catecholamine Synthesis on the Receptor (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of pineal research 2 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Rat and hamster pineal glands were used in binding studies to characterize their β-adrenoceptors with a new specific antagonist ligand, iodocyanopindolol. The receptors were saturable, and the ligand was selective and demonstrated stereospecificity for both species. The rat pineal had a 20-fold greater density of β-adrenoceptors, while the affinity was one-third that of the hamster pineal. Utilizing this radioligand, we examined the effects of decreased sympathetic input to the pineal on β-adrenergic receptors in both species. Decreased noradrenergic input to the pineal gland of the hamster was accomplished by superior cervical ganglionectomy, or by exposing the animals to continuous light for 36 hours. Parallel studies were conducted with hamster pineal gland in which catecholamine synthesis was measured. The results indicate that a selective decrease in catecholamine synthesis in the hamster pineal does not change the β-adrenoceptor density or affinity. In contrast, a concomitant increase in β-adrenoceptor density but not affinity occurs in the rat pineal gland after similar decreased sympathetic input.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1985.tb00627.x
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