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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology 4 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1440-1681
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: 1. It has been demonstrated in an earlier study that the threshold for capturing the canine ventricle in situ varies at each time interval during the relative refractory period with a wide range of current levels. Thus, there is no single threshold curve, as is commonly accepted, but rather a range defined by upper limit of threshold (TU) and a lower limit (TL). TU is the minimal current level which always produced a generalized ventricular response. A wide range of lesser current levels produced a local response but with inconsistent propagation throughout the ventricle. TL is the maximal current level which was never able to elicit a generalized response.2. Applying the method used for the determination of these limits, the present study was undertaken to characterize the effect of quinidine, lignocaine, procainamide and verapamil in therapeutic doses on TU and TL.3. It was found that quinidine, lignocaine and procainamide elevated TU and TL during the relative refractory period, but only quinidine did so during diastole as well. Verapamil, however, did not have any significant influence on excitability. Procainamide had the least effect on the absolute refractoriness of the ventricular muscle as judged by the rightward displacement of the TU and TL curves, while quinidine and lignocaine exhibited a significant displacement regarding TU but much less so for TL.4. The proposition is entertained that TL represents true local excitability of the ventricular muscle and TU represents the stimulus needed for propagation throughout the heart during the most unfavourable conditions for such spread.5. Relative changes of TU/TL as a function of TU are considered to express the capability of the locally induced potential to evoke a generalized response: quinidine diminished, procainamide increased, and lignocaine had no effect on this parameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0047-7206
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 19 (1987), S. S55 
    ISSN: 0022-2828
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 20 (1988), S. II 
    ISSN: 0022-2828
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 38 (1974), S. 143-153 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Calcium concentration and intracellular localization were investigated using the electron microscopic X-ray analyser (EMMA-4) in preparations of dog myocardial tissues fixed either in glutaraldehyde, osmium tetroxide or potassium pyroantimonate plus osmium tetroxide. Calcium could be detected with all the fixatives, but at varying efficiency. Glutaraldehyde fixation showed small detectable amounts of calcium and without special localization except in the nucleus. Osmium fixation showed much higher, but still poorly localized concentrations. The pyroantimonate technique produced the highest calcium concentrations and loci of statistically significant concentrations. Preparations stained with uranyl acetate or lead citrate showed well-visualized precipitates but no detectable calcium concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: ventricular fibrillation ; cardiac pacing ; heart rate ; spontaneous defibrillation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ventricular fibrillation (VF) which is normally sustained in large animals and humans, is transient in small animals. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possible effect of changing cardiac rate on spontaneous ventricular defibrillation. In isolated perfused rat heart, VF was electrically induced during normal spontaneous rhythm of the heart at normal rate and at various ventricular pacing rates. It was found that: 1) Electrically induced VF in isolated perfused, non-ischemic rat heart spontaneously terminated in 88% of the hearts; 2) Ventricular pacing rhythm of spontaneous rate plus 10% caused VF to be sustained in 26% of the hearts (which defibrillated spontaneously during normal rates); 3) Ventricular pacing at 200% of the basic rate led to sustained VF in about half the VF episodes (14 out of 33, p〈0.005). In the remainder, which defibrillated spontaneously, a sustained VF could be achieved by further increase in ventricular pacing rate; 4) Slow pacing rate, as a result of the surgical production of atrioventricular (A-V) block, enhanced the probability of spontaneous defibrillation (21 of 21 episodes after slow pacing vs 24 of 34 episodes following pacing at previous normal sinus rhythm, p〈0.05). Selective modulation of conduction velocity, refractory period or both, achieved by changes in ventricular pacing rate was assumed to play an important role in determining whether electrically-induced VF would be transient or sustained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 82 (1987), S. 405-410 
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: ventricularfibrillation threshold ; spontaneousdefibrillation ; myocardialcalcium ; isolated perfused rat heart
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate the influence of the effective refractory period on spontaneous ventricular defibrillation, isolated rat hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 0.5, 2.7 and 5.1 mM calcium. After measuring the fibrillation threshold at spontaneous rate (SR), ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced during basic ventricular pacing of 110% SR, or the highest rate permitting 1∶1 electromechanical coupling. The VF threshold was significantly reduced from 13.6±3.5 to 7.9±5.3 and 5.1±3.4 mA at 0.5, 2.7 and 5.1 mM Ca++ concentrations, respectively. The incidence of spontaneous recovery from VF, induced during basic pacing, was 100%, 83% and 50% at calcium concentrations of 0.5, 2.7 and 5.1 mM, respectively, (p〈0.01 for the incidences at 0.5 mM versus 5.1 mM Ca++). The incidence of spontancous defibrillation decreased when the hearts were driven rapidly, with spontaneous recovery rates of 92%, 58% and 0% (p〈0.0001)) for corresponding increases in Ca++ concentration. Induced ventricular fibrillation of fine morphology was frequently observed at 5.1 mM Ca++. It appears that progressive impairment of spontaneous defibrillation is caused by an increase in calcium concentration, this effect being more pronounced at high ventricular rates. Variations in the effective refractory period, caused by alterations in extracellular calcium concentration and differences in intracellular Ca++ accumulation, may account for the above results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 75 (1980), S. 683-695 
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie werden verschiedene mechanische Indizes getestet, die auf der Grundlage eines Modells der Herzmuskelkontraktion entwickelt wurden. Beim Hundeherzen in vivo wurden dP/dtmax und t-dp/dt, das Zeitintervall vom Beginn der Kontraktion bis zur maximalen Druckanstiegesgeschwindigkeit, gemessen und das Produkt aus diesen Parametern Ap=t-dp/dt×dp/dtmax berechnet. t-dp/dt nahm mit steigender Herzfrequenz ab, war jedoch unabhängig von Veränderungen des enddiastolischen Ventrikelvolumens Dagegen stieg Ap mit Zunahme eine konstante Muskellänge zu erreichen, wurden mit Hilfe eines Dehnungsmeßstreifens anstelle der Druckmessungen analoge Spannungsmessungen (dT/dtmax, t-dT/dt und AT) durchgeführt. Wurde die maximale isometrische Spannung bei unterschiedlichen Herzfrequenzen nicht verändert, so war auch At konstant. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, daß t-dp/dt und Ap als zwei unabhängige mechanische Indizes verwendet werden können: 1. t-dp/dt für die Bewertung der „zeitabhängigen Eigenschaften” der Kontraktion und 2. Ap für die Bewertung der „quantitativen Eigenschaften” der Kontraktion. Die Vorteile einer Anwendung dieser beiden mechanischen Indizes für den Gebrauch beim intakten Herzen anstelle der weit verbreiteten Parameter Vmax und Po werden betont.
    Notes: Summary Several mechanical indices predicted from a model of cardiac muscle contraction are tested. In thein-vivo canine heart, dp/dtmax and t-dp/dt, the time, interval from onset of contraction to dp/dtmax, were measured. The product of these parameters Ap=t-dp/dt×dp/dtmax was calculated. t-dp/dt was shortened when heart rate was elevated and remained constant when ventricular end diastolic volume was changed. Ap increased with augmentation of ventricular end diastolic volume. To achieve constant muscle length when heart rate is changed, analogous tension measurements (assigned as dT/dtmax, t-dT/dt and AT) of prestretched Walton Brodie strain-gauge arch had been taken instead of pressure measurements. In the experiments in which Tmax, maximal isometric tension, was not changed for various heart rates, AT was also unchanged. These results are consistent with the predictions that t-dp/dt and Ap can be used as two independent mechanical indices: 1) t-dp/dt for the evaluation of the “time-dependent properties” of contraction and 2) Ap, for the evaluation of the “quantitative properties” of contraction. The advantages of applying these two mechanical indices for use in the intact ejecting heart, instead of the well-established parameters Vmax and Po are emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 20 (1982), S. 129-133 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Force platform ; Gait analysis ; Knee joint load
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A computerised system for the 3-dimensional dynamic display of joint interval histogram (j.i.h.) of heart beats was developed. It presents a dynamic histogram of a programmable number of beats on an oscilloscope screen. The 3-dimensional display of the j.i.h. was found to be characteristic of rate and rhythm disturbances. The system facilitates the monitoring of transient arrhythmias. It can serve for the detection and quantisation of ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles, rate changes and statistical evaluation of atrial fibrillation. The system was used in the Intensive Coronary Care Unit and is suggested as a useful tool in cardiac patient monitoring in addition to real-time e.c.g. display.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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