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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of fusion and physical aging on the toughness of poly(vinyl chloride) (1986)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 8 (1986), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is well known that during aging or annealing, materials become stiffer and more brittle, and creep and stress relaxation rates decrease. Research in this area is very important because physical aging (annealing) plays a large role in the production of products, and it also occurs during the use of the objects or products. The decrease of free volume with time is unavoidable even at ambient temperatures. The influence of fusion and physical aging on the toughness of extruded PVC profiles was investigated. It is known that the toughness of PVC is influenced by secondary crystallization - after primary particles of PVC are partially melted. Recrystallization upon cooling or annealing forms a three-dimensional structure tying together the primary particles. This three-dimensional structure normally produces a tougher PVC product. The density of glassy PVC can be changed by changing the quenching rate. The density can be further changed by annealing below Tg. The densification of a glassy polymer normally leads to a less tough PVC product. This study uses density measurements and differential scanning calorimetry scans to measure the amount of enthalpy relaxation (related to densification) and crystalline melting energy (related to the amount of crystallinity) for various annealed samples. These are related to toughness as measured by notched Izod and droppeddart impact tests.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730080411
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mechanism for the β relaxation of wet nylon 6 (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 10 (1972), S. 2297-2300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1972.180101115
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of poly(ethylene oxide-co-ethylene sulfone)s and their precursors: Poly(ethylene oxide-co-ethylene sulfide)s (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1323-1330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: sulfide ; ethylene ; sulfone ; oxide ; 1,2-ethane dithiol synthesis ; oxidation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three poly(ethylene oxide-co-ethylene sulfide)s with oxygen to sulfur ratios of 2/1, 2/2, and 1/2 were prepared by phase-transfer catalyzed polycondensations of (1) sodium sulfide and 1,2-bis (2-chloroethoxy)ethane, (2) 1,2-ethanedithiol and 1,2-bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane, and (3) 1,2-ethanedithiol and 2-chloroethyl ether, respectively. A buffered solution with pH between the pKa of the monothiol (RSH) and the pKa2 of the dithiol (HS-R-SH), or H2S, was needed to obtain high molecular weight polymers, which suggests that nucleophiles transfer and react as monoanions rather than dianions. These poly(ethylene oxide-co-ethylene sulfide)s were oxidized completely to poly(ethylene oxide-co-ethylene sulfone)s using 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid as oxidant. Both the final polymers and the precursors have regular sequenced structures and are semicrystalline. As expected, their glass transition temperatures and melting points increase and solubilities decrease with the decrease of ether oxygen to sulfur ratio. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1994.080320713
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of poly(ester-sulfone)s (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1351-1360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 1,3-bis(3-hydroxypropylsulfonyl)propane ; 1,4-bis(3-hydroxysulfonyl)butane ; polyesters ; poly(ester-sulfone) ; liquid crystalline ; glass transition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aliphatic and aromatic-aliphatic poly(ester-sulfone)s were synthesized by the transesterifications of diphenyl adipate and diphenyl phthalates (ortho, meta, para) with two sulfonecontaining diols, 1,3-bis (3-hydroxypropylsulfonyl) propane (Diol-333) and 1,4-bis(3-hydroxypropylsulfonyl) butane (Diol-343). Based on DSC and WAXD studies, the aliphatic homopoly(ester-sulfone)s are semicrystalline at room temperature and liquid crystalline at elevated temperature, while their copolymers with alkanediols are liquid crystalline. The liquid crystalline phase formation in aliphatic poly(ester-sulfone)s is attributed to the strong dipole-dipole interactions between sulfone groups. The aromatic-aliphatic poly(estersulfone)s from diphenyl phthalate (ortho) and isophthalate (meta) are amorphous. They are soluble in trifluoroacetic acid and m-cresol at room temperature, and DMF, DMAC, and DMSO at elevated temperature. The aromatic-aliphatic poly(ester-sulfone)s from diphenyl terephthalate are semicrystalline and are soluble only in trifluoroacetic acid. For a given diol, the glass transition temperatures of aromatic-aliphatic poly(ester-sulfone)s increase from phthalate to isophthalate to terephthalate. This is because the flexibility of the benzene ring in the polymer backbone decreases from ortho to meta to para substitution. As a comparison, polyesters without sulfone groups were synthesized from two alkanediols, 1,9-nonanediol and 1,10-decanediol, and the diphenyl esters. The poly(ester-sulfone)s have glass transition temperatures 60-80°C higher than the corresponding polyesters without sulfone groups, due to the strong dipolar interactions between sulfone groups. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1994.080320716
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and dielectric analysis of aliphatic poly(carbonate-sulfone)s based on 1,4-bis(3-hydroxypropylsulfonyl) butane (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2809-2816 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 1,4-bis((3-hydroxypropylsulfonyl)butane ; polycarbonate ; poly(carbonatesulfone) ; liquid crystalline ; dipole-dipole interaction ; dielectric constant ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High molecular weight aliphatic poly(carbonate-sulfone) homopolymer (PC-343) and random copolymer (PC-343-10) were synthesized from 1,4-bis(3-hydroxypropylsulfonyl)butane (Diol-343) and a 1/1 molar mixture of Diol-343 and 1,10-decanediol, respectively. As a comparison, an aliphatic polycarbonate homopolymer (PC-10) was prepared from 1,10-decanediol. While PC-10 exhibited a single melting peak during its DSC heating scan, both PC-343 and PC-343-10 exhibited multiple reproducible first-order transitions during DSC heating scans. Both PC-343 and PC-343-10 showed broad reflections in their WAXD diagrams; the crystalline order of PC-343 is higher than that of PC-343-10. Based on the DSC and WAXD results and our discovery on the liquid crystalline behavior of aliphatic poly(carbonate-sulfone)s from 1,3-bis(hydroxypropylsulfonyl)propane, we suggest PC-343 and PC-343-10 are liquid crystalline and the liquid crystalline phase formation is directed by the dipole-dipole interactions between sulfone groups. Films were obtained from these polymers by compression molding and dielectric analyses were conducted on them. One glass transition related dielectric relaxation was observed in PC-343-10. One glass transition related dielectric relaxation and one sub-glass transition related dielectric relaxation were observed in PC-343. The glass transition temperature increases with the increase of sulfone content in the polymers. A dramatic rise in dielectric constant with temperature was observed in PC-343 and PC-343-10 at low frequencies, which is probably due to the sulfone dipole interaction with the electrical field. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1994.080321502
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxyethylene copolymers with chloromethyl and (alkylthio)methyl or (alkylsulfonyl)methyl side groups: Syntheses and Tg/composition relationships (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 495-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: copolymer ; glass transition temperature ; Fox equation ; sulfone ; thioether ; oxyethylene ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New classes of copolymers, poly[oxy(chloromethyl)ethylene]/poly[oxy-((alkylthio)methyl)ethylene] copolymers (CE-ATEs), poly[oxy((alkylthio)methyl)-ethylene]s (ATEs), poly[oxy(chloromethyl)ethylene]/poly[oxy((alkylsulfonyl)meth-yl)ethylene] copolymers (CE-ASEs), and poly[oxy((alkylsulfonyl)methyl)ethylene]s (ASEs) have been made for the first time. The thioether-containing polymers (CE-ATEs and ATEs) were synthesized by reacting poly[oxy(chloromethyl)ethylene] (CE, poly(epichlorohydrin)) with different amounts of sodium alkanethiolates. The sulfone-containing polymers (CE-ASEs and ASEs) were synthesized by oxidizing the CE-ATEs and ATEs using m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The Fox equation, a linear relationship, fit the Tg/composition data for most CE-ATEs. The Tg's of the CE-ASEs showed positive deviations from those calculated using the Fox equation. The Johnston equation, in which steric and/or polar interactions between dissimilar monomeric units are considered by using TgAB (the Tg of the AB or BA dyad), fit the Tg/composition data for all copolymers in this study. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 495-504, 1998
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and properties of poly(oxyethylene)s containing thioether, sulfoxide, or sulfone groups (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 793-801 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(oxyethylene) ; thioether ; sulfoxide ; sulfone ; copolymer ; solubility ; glass transition temperature ; substitution ; oxidation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly[oxy(ethylthiomethyl)ethylene] (ETE) was prepared from poly[oxy (chloromethyl)ethylene] (CE) by reaction with sodium ethanethiolate. Sulfoxide and sulfone analogues were synthesized by oxidation of the poly[oxy(ethylthiomethyl)ethylene]. By changing the chloromethyl/sodium ethanethiolate ratio, poly[oxy (chloromethyl)ethylene-co-oxy(ethylthiomethyl)ethylene] (CE-ETEs) were easily made. Poly[oxy(ethylsulfinylmethyl)ethylene] (ESXE), poly[oxy(chloromethyl)ethylene-co-oxy(ethylsulfinylmethyl)ethylene] (CE-ESXEs), poly[oxy(ethylsulfonylmethyl)ethylene] (ESE), and poly[oxy(chloromethyl)ethylene-co-oxy(ethylsulfonylmethyl)ethylene] (CE-ESEs) were obtained by oxidation of ETE or CE-ETEs. There was little if any chain degradation. The (co)polymer structures were confirmed by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopic studies. Their thermal properties were studied by DSC and TGA. Tgs of ETE, ESXE, and ESE were -57, 36, and 57°C, respectively, and Td,os (initial decomposition temperature, TGA) were 331, 198, and 308°C, respectively. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 793-801, 1998
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of poly(urethane-sulfone)s (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1531-1537 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 1,3-bis(3 hydroxy propyl sulfonyl)propane ; 1,4-bis(3-hydroxypropyl sulfonyl)butane ; 1,3-propane dithiol ; 1,4-butane dithiol ; poly(urethane) ; poly sulfone ; methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) ; toluene diisocyanate (TDI) ; hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) ; melt temperature ; glass transition temperature ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Eight poly(urethane-sulfone)s were synthesized from two sulfone-containing diols, 1,3-bis(3-hydroxypropylsulfonyl)propane (Diol-333) and 1,4-bis(3-hydroxypropylsulfonyl)butane (Diol-343), and three diisocyanates, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), and tolylene diisocyanate (TDI, 2,4- 80%; 2,6-20%). As a comparison, eight polyurethanes were also synthesized from two alkanediols, 1,9-nonanediol and 1,10-decanediol, and three diisocyanates. Diol-333 and Diol-343 were prepared by the addition of 1,3-propanedithiol or 1,4-butanedithiol to allyl alcohol and subsequent oxidation of the resulting sulfide-containing diols. The homopoly(urethanesulfone)s from HMDI and MDI are semicrystalline, and are soluble in m-cresol and hot DMF, DMAC, and DMSO. The copoly(urethane-sulfone)s from a 1/1 molar ratio mixture of Diol-333 and Diol-343 with HMDI or MDI have lower crystallinity and better solubility than the corresponding homopoly(urethane-sulfone)s. The poly(urethane-sulfone)s from TDI are amorphous, and are readily soluble in m-cresol, DMF, DMAC, and DMSO at room temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry data showed that poly(urethane-sulfone)s have higher glass transition temperatures and melting points than the corresponding polyurethanes without sulfone groups. The rise in glass transition temperature is 20-25°C while the rise in melting temperature is 46-71°C. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1994.080320813
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dipole-dipole interaction directed liquid crystalline polymers. I. Aliphatic poly(carbonate-sulfone)s based on 1,3-bis(3-hydroxypropylsulfonyl)propane (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2291-2300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polycarbonate ; polysulfone ; liquid crystal ; 1,3-bis(3-hydroxypropyl sulfonyl) propane ; smectic ; X-ray ; dipole-dipole interaction ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aliphatic poly(carbonate-sulfone) homo- and copolymers were prepared from 1,3-bis(3-hydroxypropylsulfonyl)propane (Diol-333) and various alkanediols. The copolymers are random in nature since they were prepared by melt copolymerization. Both the homopolymer and the copolymers exhibited multiple reproducible first-order transitions during differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) heating scans, but most of them exhibited only single exotherm during cooling scans. Typical schlieren textures were observed when these polymers were cooled from their isotropic melts. The copolymers have wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns almost identical to that of the homopolymer except in the low-angle spacing, indicating their packing in the crystalline domain in similar. DSC, cross-polarized optical microscopy, and WAXD revealed that these polymers were smectic liquid crystalline at room temperature. Since aliphatic poly(carbonate-sulfone)s are flexible linear polymers with no rigid rod components, the liquid crystalline phase formation is probably directed by the dipole-dipole interactions between sulfone groups in adjacent chains. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1994.080321211
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of orientation, anisotropy, and water on the relaxation behavior of nylon 6 from 4.2 to 300°K (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 10 (1972), S. 1305-1319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relaxation behavior of nylon 6 from 4.2 to 300°K was investigated as a function of orientation, anisotropy and moisture content by using an inverted free-oscillating torsion pendulum. Three new relaxations, δ at 53°K, ∊ below 4.2°K, and ζ at 20°K, were discovered. The characteristics of these new relaxations strongly depend on the orientation anisotropy, and concentration of adsorbed water in the specimens. The results suggest that the mechanism of the γ process is associated with the motions of both the polar and methylene units. The mechanism of the β relaxation is postulated to originate with motions of both non-hydrogen-bonded polar groups and polymer - water complex units. The behavior of the α peak is consistent with the hypothesis that it originates with the rupture of interchain hydrogen bonding due to the motions of long-chain segments in the amorphous regions. Finally, the data strongly support the proposition that two types of water, tightly bound and loosely bound, exist in nylon 6.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1972.160100710
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