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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 39 (1994), S. 179-212 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: 331 (1993), S. 149-151 
    ISSN: 0168-9002
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Observations have been carried out on the morphology of the pre-imaginal stages and the life cycle ofEurytoma waachtli Mayr., which occurs as ectoparasite on 4th instar larvae of the weevilPissodes validirostris Gyll. in cones of Scotch pines. It has been established that the attack by this chalcidid ofPissodes larvae occurs only when they have been previously parasitized and paralysed by ichneumonids of the genusScambus. First,E. waachtli kills the larva ofScambus, then feeds on the weevil larva. Such a behaviour may be called “cleptoparasitism”. The development ofE. waachtli generally monovoltine, is strongly related both to the development ofPissodes and ofScambus sp. By limiting the number of primary parasites,E. waachtli is playing a part in the increase ofP. validirostris population levels.
    Notes: Résumé Des observations ont été effectuées sur la morphologie des stades préimaginaux et le cycle de développement d'Eurytoma waachtli Mayr., qui se développe en ectoparasite sur les larves de 4e stade du curculionidePissodes validirostris Gyll. dans les cônes de pin sylvestre. On a constaté que le chalcidien n'attaque les larves dePissodes que si celles-ci sont préalablement parasitées et paralysées par des ichneumonides du genreScambus. E. waachtli détruit d'abord la larve deScambus puis se développe sur la larve du Coléoptère. Un tel comportement peut être qualifié de cleptoparasite. Le développement d'E.waachtli, en général monovoltin, est étroitement lié à la fois à celui dePissodes et à celui deScambus sp. En limitant le nombre de parasites primaires,E. waachtli joue un rôle favorable à l'accroissement des populations dePissodes validirostris.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract  In Cupressus sempervirens the association between seed insects and tree pathogens has resulted in optimal exploitation of the cones. A fungus-infected cone can be inhabited by the nymphs of a true seed bug (Orsillus maculatus), the adults of which may carry a heavy spore load at emergence. Cones are infected when eggs are laid within the cone, most frequently via the emergence holes of a seed wasp (Megastigmus wachtli). This symbiotic association evolved with the nonaggressive fungus Pestalotiopsis funerea within the natural range of the cypress. When the aggressive cypress canker disease (Seiridium cardinale) was introduced into Europe, it was transmitted by O. maculatus to cones usually colonized by Pestalotiopsis funerea, with disastrous consequences for the regeneration and survival of C. sempervirens in the entire Mediterranean area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 522-530 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Seed chalcids ; Megastigmus ; hymenoptera ; isozymes ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The degree of genetic variability and the taxonomic status of adults of 14 seed chalcid species of the genusMegastigmus was analyzed using electrophoresis on horizontal starch gel. Variability of chalcid populations with host tree was observed in 21 host species. A total of 13 enzyme loci were considered. Seven of the loci were found to be polymorphic. The electrophoretic data strongly supported the adaptation of each chalcid species to a limited number of congeneric hosts, and confirmed the morphologically-based taxonomy of the genus. The resulting dendrogram separated the chalcid species into three distinct groups, infesting 1) Pinaceae spp., 2) Cupressaceae spp., and 3) Angiosperm spp., respectively. The highest level of overall genetic similarity was observed among the chalcid populations infesting conifers of the generaPseudotsuga andAbies. The genetic identity values observed among populations infesting 5 differentAbies species tended to reflect the occurrence of conspecific populations rather than that of distinct chalcid species. Genetic identity was similarly important among the chalcid species infesting seeds of Cupressaceae. By contrast, a large genetic distance was observed between two seed chalcids attacking a same host,Rosa montana.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 40 (1986), S. 177-187 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lasiomma melania ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae ; Larix decidua ; mélèze ; cône ; ravageur ; relations plante-insecte ; piegeage ; couleur ; Lasiomma melania ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae ; Larix decidua ; larch pest ; plant-insect relationships ; trapping ; colour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Tests on colour preferences of adults of Lasiomma melania Ackl. (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) were conducted during five consecutive years in some larch stands in the French Southern Alps by using field trapping techniques. Traps consisted of 20 cm×20 cm×0.5 mm plywood plates covered with a sticky coloured sheet of Letraset Pantone. Squares of uniform and combined colours were presented arranged vertically and horizontally. This cone pest shows a clear preference for the yellow and for yellow with purple stripes. Attractiveness of each trap design is a function of both sex and sexual maturity. Yellow traps catch mostly immature emerging insects. They seem to symbolize, according to the plan in which they are placed, a flowertype nutritional signal (horizontal plane) or larch foliage type recognition signal (vertical plane). Sexually mature insects, looking for trees with cones, are, by contrast, trapped essentially by vertical plates of yellow with purple stripes. This trap mimics and amplifies the reflectance contrast between larch foliage and cones. This contrast seems to correspond to a recognition signal of larch bearing a cone crop. However, egg laying is restricted to a particular phase of cone development when the reflectance contrast is quite stable with time. A significantly smaller number of females is also trapped each year. So other signals emitted by cones, probably olfactory ones, must be important for the approaching flight and landing of the females.
    Notes: Abstract La réponse visuelle des adultes de Lasiomma melania Ackl. (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) à des carrés englués de diverses couleurs ou combinaisons de couleurs a été étudiée durant 5 années consécutives dans plusieurs mélèzins (Larix decidua) des Hautes-Alpes. Une préférence pour le jaune et le jaune à bandes pourpres a été mise en évidence chez ce ravageur dont la femelle pond sur les cônes de mélèze. L'attractivité de chaque type de piège est fonction à la fois du sexe et du stade de maturation sexuelle des individus. La couleur jaune attire en majorité des insectes émergents immatures. Elle semble représenter, selon le plan dans lequel elle est située, un signal nutritionnel de type fleur (plan horizontal) ou un signal de reconnaissance du feuillage de mélèze (plan vertical). Les individus mûrs sexuellement, recherchant les arbres produisant des cônes, sont en revanche capturés essentiellement sur les pièges verticaux jaunes à bandes pourpres. Ceux-ci miment, en l'amplifiant, le contraste de réflectance existant entre le feuillage des mélèzes et les cônes. Ce contraste paraît correspondre à un signal permettant la reconnaisance des arbres possédant des cônes. La ponte est cependant limitée à un stade particulier de développment de ces derniers alors que le contraste est à peu près stable dans le temps. D'autres signaux émis par les cônes, vraisemblablement d'ordre olfactif, doivent guider le vol d'approche et l'atterrissage des femelles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 16 (1883), S. 909-913 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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