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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; glycogen ; amino acid ; alloxan diabetes ; cultured hepatocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of insulin on net glycogen synthesis and amino acid incorporation into protein were studied in cultured hepatocytes from adult normal and alloxan diabetic rats. Insulin stimulated glycogen synthesis in monolayer cells throughout a four day culture period and enhanced leucine incorporation into protein more effectively in normal cells with high glycogen levels than in cultured diabetic cells. These differences correlate well with the observed cellular ultrastructures which were maintained much better in the presence of insulin. Restoration of the morphological changes of alloxan diabetic hepatocytes to normal liver cell structures can be observed at any time during the culture period by giving insulin continuously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 81 (1991), S. 443-449 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Global cerebral ischemia ; Post-ischemic selective brain cooling ; Ischemica neuronal damage ; Light microscopy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new method of external selective brain cooling is described, showing its effectiveness in reducing neuronal damage following global cerebral ischemia in cat. The cooling apparatus consists of a specially fitted kind of water jacket in which the animal's head was laid. In a preliminary study it was verified that the device effectively reduces brain temperature without the risk of cardiac arrhythmias due to lowering of core temperature. In the main study cardiac arrest was induced in 23 adult cats, followed after 15 min by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Eight cats could not be revived; of the 15 remaining animals, 7 were assigned to the control group (normothermia) and 8 to the treatment group (cerebral hypothermia). The latter received external brain cooling for 30 min, starting as soon as CPR was begun. Four hours after cardiac arrest all animals were transcardiacally perfused with glutardialdehyde. The brains were stored in fixative and subsequently processed for histopathological and morphometrical evaluation by light microscopy. Analysis of the resulting data showed that animals in the treatment group had a significantly higher percentage of undamaged neurons than animals in the control group, both in the cingulate gyrus (38% vs 10%) and in the parietal cortex (39% vs 14%). The treatment group also had more undamaged neurons in the hippocampus and fewer severely damaged neurons in all three regions, but these differences, though suggestive, were not statistically significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 83 (1992), S. 445-448 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Malignant rhabdoid tumor ; Adults ; Primary intracranial manifestation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clinical, histopathological, and ultrastructural features of an extended intracranial malignant neoplasm are presented. Following incomplete extirpation of a large epidural tumor at the temporal base of the skull, the 21-year-old male patient suffered from several local recurrences and died at the age of 27. The neoplasm was defined by its histopathological and ultrastructural characteristics and by the pattern of its antigenicity as a malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT). Considering previous publications on MRT, this case may be the first of primary intracranial MRT appearing in an adult.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 52 (1980), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Dementia ; Plaques ; Kuru ; Spongiform encephalopathies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic observations are reported on a brain biopsy of a man of 59 with a rare familial disease of the CNS and a 5-year clinical course. Electron micrographs of the frontal biopsy reveal plaque-like deposits composed of amyloid cores, often multicentric in the cortex and subcortical white matter. They are localized between enlarged astrocytic processes. In the neuropil they are sometimes associated with abnormal neuritic processes, in the white matter with processes of fibrous astroglia and basement membranes. There are no signs of primary neuritic or synaptic involvement in the plaque formation which is more obviously associated with altered astrocytic processes. Moreover, degenerative alterations in the cortical vessels and slight astroglial spongiform changes as well as oligodendroglial proliferation can be found. Plaques are considered to be mainly of the kuru type; the relationship with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 64 (1984), S. 222-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lipofuscin ; Neuronal age pigment ; Glial age pigment ; Lysosomes ; Acid phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in neuronal and glial lipofuscin of the aged human brain indicates lysosomal activity. Contrary to the constantly high enzyme activity of astroglial lipofuscin and low activity of oligodendroglial lipofuscin, the enzyme activity of neuronal pigment differs in different locations, i.e., in different neuronal populations. The activity is probably based on the importation of lysosomal enzymes into the pigment component of lipofuscin. These facts indicate the possibility of a continuous autophagosomal function of lipofuscin in neuronal and glial cell physiology. Therefore, the findings are arguments against the view that lipofuscin is a wear-and-tear material only and claim for it an active role in cell metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cortical slices ; Iontophoresis ; Lucifer Yellow ; Dendritic morphology ; Photo-oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To examine the complete morphology and ultrastructure of lipofuscin-containing human pyramidal cells, epitumourous biopsy tissue was lightly fixed in paraformaldehyde. Cortical slice preparations were immersed in an injection chamber which was transferred to a fixed stage microscope. Electrodes were filled with an aqueous solution of the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow and attached to a micromanipulator. Epifluorescence illumination was used to visualize and guide the tip of the Lucifer pipette towards lipofuscin-containing, autofluorescent pyramidal cell somata. After impaling, the neuron was intracellularly stained by iontophoretic injection of Lucifer Yellow. Subsequent graphical reconstructions of injected pyramidal cells revealed complete filling of their dendritic arborizations. Comparison with published Golgi-material prepared for light microscopy revealed no patho-morphological changes in the tissue. Eventually, dye-filled cells were photo-oxidized in the presence of diaminobenzidine, which resulted in the formation of a homogeneously brown reaction product. Bleached cells were then osmicated and embedded in plastic. Electron microscopy revealed fine electron-opaque label distributed through-out the karyo- and cytoplasm and there were no apparent gross ultrastructural changes. Cytological details, such as organelles and membranes were not obscured by the reaction product. Due to its autofluorescence, the pigment part of the lipofuscin also underwent photoconversion, resulting in a highly enhanced electron-dense matrix. Due to its high selectivity and relative methodological simplicity, the approach presented is considered to be a promising alternative to the gold-toning modification of the Golgi-electron microscope technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 410-418 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease ; Prion ; Lipofuscin ; Neuronal autophagy ; Lysosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report an experimental model of Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease (CJD) in mice leading to the formation of giant autophagic vacuoles (AV) in neurons of the cerebral cortex. These AV appear at the end of the incubation period (4–6 months post-inoculation), together with spongy changes and clinical symptoms. Autophagy, a process of intracellular digestion of cell constituents by the lysosomal compartment, is known in many cell types, where it plays a role both in the physiological turnover and in pathological processes and is involved in protein metabolism. The same also occurs in neurons. Here autophagy is known to occur in the normal state and leads to residual bodies called lipofuscin granules. An increase in lipofuscin is known to occur in human and experimental CJD. Therefore, an increase in autophagy and in AV can be expected. In our experimental model, the activation of neuronal autophagy may be related to an alteration in neuronal protein metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 8 (1967), S. 108-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The endothelial cytoplasm of glioma vessels—in the spongioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma and glioblastoma—often contains abundant filamentous material. The filaments in its structure correspond to the filaments in the cytoplasm of the glioma cells and to the filaments of normal and reactive astrocytes (100 Å thick, compact, various length, non branching). The meaning ofendothelial filaments in glioma vessel walls is not yet understood. In contrast to the vessels of other organs, in the C.N.S. vessel endothelium no filamentous elements have been observed up today, neither normally nor in the course of mesenchymal reactions. 2. In a spongioblastoma a process of dissiminated focal desintegration of glial filaments is described. In the areas of filaments disintegration an accumulation of osmiophilic material at the filaments and in the interfilamentous ground cytoplasm takes place. The process previously occurs in the filament rich extensions of the spongioblasts, more rarely in their pericarya. By confluence of primary desintegration foci, large elongated osmiophilic bodies of granular or amorphous fine structure and high density develop, which fill and often expand the cell processes. These bodies correspond to the so-calledRosenthal fibres of spongioblastoma. They are estimated as result of anaccumulation dystrophy of spongioblasts. Accumulation products are proteins, in addition carbon hydrates, in late stages also lipids. So Rosenthal “fibres,” though developing in fibrous cell processes, are no fibres.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Das Endothelcytoplasma der Tumorgefäße von Gliomen — Spongioblastomen, Astrocytomen, Oligodendrogliomen, Ependymomen und Glioblastomen — enthält oft reichlich filamentäres Material. Die Filamente gleichen den Filamenten im Cytoplasma der Geschwulstzellen selbst sowie den Filamenten der normalen und reaktiven Astroglia (100 Å Durchmesser, kompakter Bau, unterschiedliche Längenausdehnung, unverzweigt). Die Bedeutung derFilamente im Endothel der Gliomgefäße ist noch unklar. Im Gegensatz zu den Gefäßen der Körperorgane treten im ZNS, soweit bisher bekannt, weder normalerweise noch im Rahmen mesenchymaler Reaktionen filamentäre Elemente im Gefäßendothel auf. 2. In einem Spongioblastom wurde ein disseminiert-herdförmiger Zerfall der Gliafilamente beobachtet, der mit einer Anhaufung osmiophilen Materials an den zerfallenden Filamenten und im interfilamentären Grundcytoplasma der betroffenen Bezirke einhergeht. Der Prozeß spielt sich in den filamentreichen Zellfortsätzen der Spongioblasten ab, seltener in ihren Pericarya. Durch Konfluenz der Herde entstehen ausgedehnte längliche osmiophile Körper von granulärer bis amorpher Feinstruktur und hoher Dichte, die die Fortsätze ausfüllen und oft auftreiben. Sie entsprechen den sogenanntenRosenthalschen Fasern der Spongioblastome. Die Gebilde werden als Ergebnis einerStapelungsdystrophie der Spongioblasten angesehen. Gestapelt werden Proteine, fakultativ Kohlenhydrate, in späten Stadien auch Lipide. Die Rosenthalschen “Fasern” gehen also aus faserhaltigen Zellteilen hervor, sind aber selbst keine Fasern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 225-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Scrapie ; Prion ; Neuronal autophagy ; Lysosomes ; Lipofuscin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study we report the formation of giant autophagic vacuoles (AV) in neurons in experimental scrapie in hamsters. Autophagy is an important step in the cellular turnover of proteins and organelles. It is known to occur in neurons under physiological as under pathological conditions. Giant AV, however, are seen very rarely only in pathological states. In our model AV are much more numerous after intracerebral (i.c.) transmission of the scrapie agent than after the transmission via the intraperitoneal route which points to a correlation between the intensity of the process and the period of incubation. As the appearance of the AV in our model is correlated chronologically with that of scrapie-associated fibrils, at least after i.c. transmission, the process may be related to a disturbance of cellular protein metabolism and, thus, to the processing of prion protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amyloid ; Prion protein ; Plaques ; Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Multicentric plaques of typical pathomorphology have been described in two members of the well-documented German family “Sch” with Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker's syndrome (GSS). The case of a third affected member with a clinical course of 10 years is now reported. In addition to multicentric plaques, small granules of prion protein (PrP) with stellate ultrastructure (miniplaques) were found in the tractus perforans and alveus of the hippocampal area. At the ultrastructural level, shapeless amyloid deposits of irregularly arranged bundles of amyloid fibrils were also observed in the same region. All amyloid precipitates apparent at the light microscopic level immunostained for PrP. These observations widen the known spectrum of amyloid plaque morphology in GSS. The multicentric plaque should still, however, be considered the diagnostic hallmark of this disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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