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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical simulations of thermal convection in a rotating spherical fluid shell at high Taylor and Rayleigh numbers (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 7 (1995), S. 2686-2699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this study, we carry out numerical simulations of thermal convection in a rapidly rotating spherical fluid shell at high Taylor number Ta and Rayleigh number R with a nonlinear, three-dimensional, time-dependent, spectral-transform code. The parameters used in the simulations are chosen to be in a range which allows us to study two different types of convection, i.e., single column and multi-layered types, and the transition between them. Numerical solutions feature highly time-dependent north–south open columnar convective cells. The cells occur irregularly in longitude, are quasi-layered in cylindrical radius, and maintain alternating bands of mean zonal flow. The complex convective structure and the banded mean zonal flow are results of the high Taylor and Rayleigh numbers. The transition between the two types of convection appears to occur gradually with increasing Rayleigh and Taylor numbers. At a Taylor number of 107 the differential rotation pattern consists of an inner cylindrical region of subrotation and an outer cylindrical shell of superrotation manifest at the outer boundary as an equatorial superrotation and a high latitude subrotation. The differential rotation pattern is similar at Ta=108 and low Rayleigh number. Cylindrical shells of alternately directed mean zonal flow begin to develop at Ta=108 and R=50Rc and at Ta=109 and R=25Rc. This pattern is seen on the outer surface as a latitudinally-banded zonal flow consisting of an equatorial superrotation, a middle and high latitude subrotation, and a polar superrotation. At Ta=109 and R=50Rc the differential rotation appears at the surface as a broad eastward flow in the equatorial region with alternating bands of westward and eastward flow at high latitudes. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.868716
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional oscillatory convection in a gravitationally modulated fluid layer (1993)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 5 (1993), S. 2430-2437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The equations for three-dimensional, time-dependent convection in a gravitationally modulated fluid layer heated from below are solved numerically using the Galerkin method in space and a Crank–Nicolson scheme in time. Nonlinear solutions are obtained for the Prandtl number of air (0.71) and for two Rayleigh numbers above the value for onset of oscillatory convection. Multiples of the fundamental frequency of oscillatory convection were chosen in order to study the effects of possible resonances of the frequency of gravitational modulation. Modulation causes a transition from traveling wave convection, which persists in the unmodulated case, to standing wave convection and phase locking occurs for moderate values of the amplitude of the dimensionless gravitational modulation (scaled with the standard acceleration of gravity) in the range 0 to 3. For larger values of the modulation amplitude, frequency locking breaks down and chaotic time dependence occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.858755
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steady, three-dimensional, internally heated convection (1993)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 5 (1993), S. 1928-1932 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Numerical calculations have been carried out of steady, symmetric, three-dimensional modes of convection in internally heated, infinite Prandtl number, Boussinesq fluids at a Rayleigh number of 1.4×104 in a spherical shell with inner/outer radius of 0.55 and in a 3×3×1 rectangular box. Multiple patterns of convection occur in both geometries. In the Cartesian geometry the patterns are dominated by cylindrical cold downflows and a broad hot upwelling. In the spherical geometry the patterns consist of cylindrical cold downwellings centered either at the vertices of a tetrahedron or the centers of the faces of a cube. The cold downflow cylinders are immersed in a background of upwelling within which there are cylindrical hot concentrations (plumes) and hot halos around the downflows. The forced hot upflow return plumes of internally heated spherical convection are fundamentally different from the buoyancy-driven plumes of heated from below convection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.858818
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BREAKTHROUGHS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE EARTH AND PLANETS (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 29 (2001), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: During the last 35 years the planets and moons of our solar system have been visited for the first time, and the plate tectonics paradigm has revolutionized earth science and led to the acceptance of mantle convection as the cause of plate tectonics. The author has been a fortunate participant in these extraordinary events and he offers some reminiscences and recollections of his involvement. He also recalls his former colleague William M Kaula and dedicates this prefatory chapter to him.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.1
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subsolidus Convection in the Mantles of Terrestrial Planets (1979)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 7 (1979), S. 289-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.07.050179.001445
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal equilibration of the Earth following a giant impact (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 107 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: bThe Earth is found to equilibrate thermally after a giant impact melts a significant portion of the planet on a time-scale of a few million years. A simple thermal evolution model for the cooling of a terrestrial planet, a prescribed fraction of which is melted during a giant impact, is presented. Two model geometries are considered. The first has a laterally inhomogeneous distribution of melt and solid through a mega-crater geometry and the second has a global magma ocean. The model assumes convective heat transfer in the melt and, in the case of the mega-crater geometry, convection in the solid part of the planet. In the magma-ocean case the solid interior is not convecting. The melt region may cool due to heat transfer to the planet's surface and to the solid region and due to melting of solid. The solid region cools by heat transfer to the planet's surface in the mega-crater model. The viscosities of the melt and the solid are assumed to be dependent on the exponential of the inverse absolute temperature. Convective heat transfer is parametrized by using semi-empirical boundary layer thickness scaling laws. Most model parameters including planetary size are absorbed into a cooling time-scale. Of the remaining parameters of the scaled model, the rate of change of melt viscosity with temperature, the surface temperature and, for small melt fractions, the melt region geometry are most important in determining the cooling time. The initial melt temperature, the heat capacities of the solid and the melt, and the Stefan number, a measure of the latent heat of melting, determine the proportion of the solid that is melted during cooling of the impact melt. It is found that almost the whole planet may melt if the impact originally melted half of the planet and if the initial melt temperature was twice a representative planet melting temperature. For reasonable choices of parameter values it is found that thermal equilibration of the Earth occurs on a time-scale of 1 to 10 million years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1991.tb01164.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural study of Pisdnoodinium pillulare (Schäperclaus, 1954) Lom, 1981 with special emphasis on its attachment to the fish host (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 6 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Trophonts of Pisdnoodinium pillulare (Schäperclaus, 1954), a common ectoparasite of freshwater aquarium fish, are attached to host cells by means of a specialized structure, the attachment disc. Unlike other dinoflagellate genera parasitic on fish and invertebrates, this disc features nail-like organelles, the rhizocysts. Head-parts of the rhizocysts are inverted in separate compartments, rhizothecas, in the sole of the disc while their long shafts are firmly embedded in the cytoplasm of cells of the host epidermis or gill epithelium. The attachment inflicts a serious injury on the host cells which may ultimately be destroyed. Rhizocysts originate in the subnuclear cytoplasm from where they migrate into the attachment disc. There are other specialized organelles and inclusions; fibrous vesicles, membraneous bodies, striated tubular bodies and paracrystalline bodies. Pisdnoodinium has well-developed chloroplasts. While its cytological adaptations indicate a nutritional dependence on the host, there is no evidence of ingestion of host-derived particulate material. Pisdnoodinium may derive an essential part of its nutrition from photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1983.tb00096.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid formation of eclogite in a slightly wet mantle
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 27 (1975), S. 90-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0012-821X(75)90165-X
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal evolution of the Earth: effects of volatile exchange between atmosphere and interior
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 96 (1989), S. 27-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0012-821X(89)90121-0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crustal volumes of the continents and of oceanic and continental submarine plateaus
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 92 (1989), S. 234-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0012-821X(89)90049-6
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