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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 141-143 (July 2008), p. 127-132 
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The inductive heating of the feedstock material is a very important step in the processingof semi solid metals. On the one hand, the billet has to be heated as fast as possible to the targettemperature. On the other hand, it must be guaranteed that the outer area does not begin to meltprematurely. Also, at the end of the heating the billet should have an uniform temperaturedistribution in order to obtain good forming results. A flatness based control will be presented tocalculate the induced power over time trajectory from a desired trajectory for the temperature in themiddle of the billet. The temperature trajectory has to be chosen so that the billet has the desiredtemperature behaviour. Experimental results will be shown for the flatness based inductive heatingof X210CrW12 just below the semi solid state
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 116-117 (Oct. 2006), p. 734-737 
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The aim of the paper is to demonstrate a control scheme by which it is possible toreproducibly reheat steel billets into the semi-solid state. Usually a heating program is used to reheatthe billet into the semi-solid state. Our experiments showed that this control scheme leads to varyingsemi-solid fractions from one experiment to the next. To gain information about the billet’s state itstemperature is often used since there is a known relationship between the temperature and the liquidfraction. Direct measurement of the temperature via thermocouples is not feasible in a productionenvironment, therefore a radiation pyrometer has been used as a contact-less measurement device.The accuracy of the pyrometer depends heavily on the exact knowledge of the radiation coefficient,which can vary from billet to billet due to different surface properties and which is subject to changeduring the heating process. These uncertainties prohibit the implementation of a closed-loop controlscheme since the exact temperature cannot be measured with the required accuracy. In order to beindependent of the measurement errors the proposed control scheme only relies on the slope of thetemperature. By detecting the distinct change of slope which occurs when the solidus temperature iscrossed, the beginning of the melting process can be determined. The energy fed to the billet fromthis point onward determines the resulting liquid fraction. By detecting the entry into the solidusliquidusinterval and then feeding the same amount of energy to each billet, it is guaranteed that thebillet reaches the desired liquid fraction even by uncertain absolute value of the temperature and bysmall variations of the alloy composition. For the experiments the steel alloy X210 has been usedand measurement data demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed control scheme
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 116-117 (Oct. 2006), p. 766-770 
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An important step in the processing of semi-solid metals is the inductive re-heating of thefeedstock material. The heating should lead to an uniform billet temperature in order to obtain goodforming results. The billet is supposed to be heated to the target temperature as fast as possible and atthe same time it must be guaranteed, that the outer area of the billet does not melt prematurely.Conventionally the open-loop trajectories consist of simple power over time diagrams and aregenerated by extensive experiments. By using an open-loop control scheme it is possible to chose adesired trajectory for the middle axis temperature of the billet which respects the given constraint onthe heating process. By taking advantage of the flatness property of the system, an open looptrajectory for the coil current can be calculated which ensures the desired behavior of the axistemperature. The shape of the trajectory is determined by the shape of the desired trajectory and thetemperature dependent material properties, which have to be known with the needed accuracy. Thelosses of the converter and induction coil are estimated online so that the induced power is known.The trajectory ensures that the billet is heated to a temperature just below the solidus temperaturewithout overheating of the billet’s surface and with a very homogeneous temperature distribution.The Experiments have been conducted using A356 aluminum alloy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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