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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interindividual differences in the binding of antidepressives to plasma proteins: the role of the variants of alpha1-acid glycoprotein (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1985), S. 661-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: amitriptyline ; drug plasma binding ; alpha1-acid glycoprotein ; nortriptyline ; polymorphic forms ; protein variants ; genetic factor ; depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) is one of the plasma proteins that bind basic drugs, like amitriptyline (AT) and its metabolite nortriptyline (NT). Two types of genetic polymorphism have been described for AAG: polymorphic forms which, on electrophoresis of the native protein, give four patterns with 5, 6, 7 or 8 bands, and the variants which on by electrophoresis of the desialysed protein, give three patterns with 2 bands, FF, FS and SS. In 31 depressive patients, treated daily with 150 mg AT for 3 weeks, free and total plasma AT and NT were determined, as well as the AAG polymorphic forms and variants. There was only a weak negative correlation between the free fractions of AT and NT and total plasma AAG, but free AT and NT were strongly correlated with the S form (but not the F form) of AAG variants. The differences in binding might be the expression of a further genetic factor determining the steady-state plasma levels of tricyclic drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547045
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen über Astbildung und Astreinigung der Selber Kiefer (1954)
    Springer
    European journal of forest research 73 (1954), S. 275-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-4677
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01819648
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vergleich veränderter Bewußtseinszustände unter den Halluzinogenen (−)-Δ9-trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) und N,N-Dimethyltryptamin (DMT) (1976)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 223 (1976), S. 77-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Altered States of Consciousness ; N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) ; (−)Δ9 ; trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) ; Veränderte Bewußtseinszustände ; N,N-Dimethyltryptamin (DMT) ; (−)- Δ9-trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung vergleicht unter Verwendung zweier Placebo-Kontrollgruppen veränderte Bewußtseinszustände, die unter den Halluzinogenen (−)Δ9-trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) und N,N-Dimethyltryptamin (DMT) auftreten. 24 Probanden erhielten 250μg Δ9-THC p.o. pro kg Körpergewicht, und 26 Probänden wurde 250μg DMT pro Körpergewicht i.m. appliziert. Die Placebogruppe bestand aus insgesamt 24 Probanden. Die Effekte wurden retrospektiv mit einem Fragebogen erfaßt, dessen Items nach inhaltlichen und testtheoretischen Gesichtspunkten zu den folgenden 8 Skalen zusammengefaßt wurden: Optische Sinnestäuschungen, akustische Sinnestäuschungen, Konzentrations- und Gedächtnisstörungen, Derealisationserscheinungen, Depersonalisationserscheinungen, Leiberlebensveränderungen, euphorisches Zustandsbild und dysphorisches Zustandsbild. In allen acht Syndromen unterschieden sich die beiden Halluzinogene signifikant von Placebo. Zwischen den Halluzinogenen konnte jedoch keine signifikante Differenz nachgewiesen werden. In der Skala „optische Sinnestäuschungen“ zeigte sich als Tendenz, daß DMT hier eine stärkere Wirkung als Δ9-THC entfaltet. Methodische Probleme des Vergleichs verschiedener Halluzinogene werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The study compares altered states of consciousness induced by the hallucinogens (−)Δ9-trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) using two placebo control groups. A total of 24 subjects received 250μg Δ9-THC p.o./kg body weight and 26 subjects were treated with 250μg DMT i.m./kg. Placebo was given to 24 subjects. The effects were assessed by a questionnaire administered following the experimental conditions. Questionnaire items were combined into the following eight scales according to their content and several criteria of the theory of mental testing: visual hallucinations (illusions), auditory hallucinations (illusions), impairment of memory and attention, depersonalization syndrome, derealization syndrome, changes of body image, euphoric state and anxious-depressive state. The two hallucinogen groups differed significantly from placebo on all eight scales. No difference, however, between Δ9-THC and DMT was significant. On the scale “optical hallucinations (illusions)” a tendency that DMT might have stronger effects than Δ9-THC was found. Methodological problems of comparing different hallucinogens are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367455
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The treatment of depression with L-5-Hydroxytryptophan versus imipramine (1977)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 224 (1977), S. 175-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: L-5-Hydroxytryptophan ; Imipramine ; Double-blind trial ; Open study ; Depression ; Switch to hypomania ; L-5-Hydroxytryptophan ; Imipramin ; Doppelblindprüfung ; Offene Prüfung ; Depression ; Wechsel zu Hypomanie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren ergaben verschiedene offene Prüfungen Hinweise für die Hypothesen, daß L-5-HTP ein wirksames Antidepressivum sei. Weil kontrollierte doppelblinde Prüfungen fehlten, begannen wir eigene Untersuchungen, um diese Hypothese zu überprüfen. Im Jahre 1972 führten wir 2 offene Studien mit L-5-HTP, in Kombination mit Benzerazid durch. Diesen beiden offenen Prüfungen folgte eine Doppelblindstudie in der wir L-5-HTP in Kombination mit Benzerazid gegen Imipramin an 30 Patienten prüften. Die Untersuchungen der Patienten wurden an den Tagen 0, 5, 10, 15 und 20 durchgeführt. Für die Datensammlung benützten wir die Hamilton-Skala für Depressionen, das AMP-System, eine globale Rating-Skala des Schweregrades der Depression und eine Rating-Skala des Verhaltens auf den Abteilungen. In diesem Artikel führen wir nur einen Teil der Resultate auf, vor allem solche, die mit dem AMP-System und der Hamilton-Skala für Depressionen gewonnen wurden. Die Doppelblindprüfung ergibt keine signifikanten Wirkungsunterschiede zwischen L-5-HTP und Imipramin; das gleiche gilt für eine offene Prüfung. Die L-5-HTP Resultate zeigten ferner keinen Unterschied zu den Ergebnissen von Imipraminbehandlungen an 40 Patienten aus früheren doppelblinden Prüfungen. L-5-HTP und Imipramin verursachten verschiedene Arten von Nebenwirkungen, L-5-HTP vor allem gastrointestinale Nebenwirkungen und Imipramin vor allem Mundtrockenheit und Tremor. Die gastrointestinalen Nebenwirkungen bei L-5-HTP scheinen dosisabhängig zu sein.
    Notes: Summary In the last few years several open studies supported the hypothesis that L-5-HTP may be an effective antidepressant. Because of the lack of a controlled double-blind trial we started our own investigations to confirm this hypothesis in L-5-HTP. In 1972 we performed two open dose finding trials with L-5-HTP in combination with Benzerazide. These open studies were followed by a double-blind trial comparing L-5-HTP in combination with Benzerazide to Imipramine in 30 patients. Assessments were carried out on day 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20. For data collection we used the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the AMP-system, a Global Rating Scale of Severity of Depression and a Brief Rating Scale for the Behaviour on the ward. In this article we report only a part of the results, mainly on the findings with the AMP-system and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. During our double-blind trial we could not find any significant difference in efficacy of L-5-HTP and Imipramine. The same was found in an open trial. Furthermore the L-5-HTP results showed no difference compared with the results of an Imipramine treatment in 40 patients in earlier double-blind studies. L-5-HTP and Imipramine caused different patterns of side effects. L-5-HTP caused mainly gastrointestinal side effects and Imipramine caused mainly dryness of the mouth and tremor. The gastrointestinal side effects caused by L-5-HTP seemed to be dose dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00346485
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A family hereditary study of post-partum “psychoses” (1985)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 235 (1985), S. 164-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Post-partum ; Heredity ; Psychoses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A group of 80 women suffering from a severe psychiatric post-partum disorder and hospitalized for the first time in their lives was followed up between 4 and 35 years later. Besides the further evolution of psychic health of the patients, the occurrence of endogenous (i.e., functional) psychoses in first degree relatives was investigated. A global morbidity risk for endogenous psychoses of 10.9% was found, affective psychosis accounting for two-thirds of secondary cases. Subdivision of the sample according to the criterion of absence or presence of further psychotic episodes unrelated to childbirth revealed that first degree relatives of patients with exclusively puerperal decompensations had a low morbidity risk of 2.0%, but relatives of patients with later nonpuerperal episodes of illness one of 15.2%, the difference being statistically significant (P 〈 0.002). This suggests that severe psychiatric disorders occurring exclusively in the post-partum period are nosologically distinct from those followed by nonpuerperal psychotic episodes of illness. Only the latter seem to be related to the traditionally recognized subgroups of endogenous psychoses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380988
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Follow-up and family study of postpartum psychoses Part I: Overview (1994)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 244 (1994), S. 101-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Affective disorder ; Schizoaffective disorder ; Schizophrenia ; Schizophreniform disorder ; Brief reactive psychosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A group of 119 patients suffering from a severe psychiatric postpartum disorder who were admitted for the first time in their life to a psychiatric hospital has been investigated. The onset of illness occurred within 3 months following delivery. The patients represented 92% of the total sample fulfilling the inclusion criteria. A follow-up investigation was performed after a mean of 21 years (range 2–35 years). Of the patients 66% had nonpuerperal psychotic episodes in later life. The diagnosis, taking into account the long-term course, was affective psychosis in 57%, schizoaffective psychosis in 18%, schizophreniform psychosis in 12%, brief reactive psychosis in 4% and schizophrenia in 9%. A bipolar psychosis was found in 31%. The relation of unipolar to bipolar psychoses corresponded to that in a control group of affectively ill women without puerperal onset. The frequency of a manic syndrome in bipolar psychoses at the index episode was the same as in nonpuerperal episodes, which does not suggest a mania-provoking pathoplastic effect of the puerperium. The comparison with female nonpuerperal controls matched for age and diagnosis revealed evidence of a better long-term course in the index patients. The risk of a puerperal relapse for further pregnancies was 35%. The global morbidity risk for functional psychoses in first-degree relatives was 11%, with affective psychoses representing the majority of secondary cases (6.8%). The index patients showed a nonsignificant lower-morbidity risk in relatives than a control group of psychotically ill women without puerperal onset. The major aetiological factor found for postpartum psychoses is the relation of these disorders to functional psychoses. There is strong evidence that the postpartum period tends to provoke affective psychoses and other nonschizophrenic psychoses, but not, or only to a lesser degree, narrowly defined schizophrenias. The liability to puerperal decompensations suggests some common pathophysiological mechanism, the nature of which remains unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02193527
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Follow-up and family study of postpartum psychoses (1994)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 244 (1994), S. 138-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Parity ; Genetics ; Diathesis-stress model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract As part of a follow-up and family study of post-partum psychoses, this episode of illness being the first leading to psychiatric hospitalisation, patients with puerperal episodes (PE) and nonpuerperal episodes (NPE) of illness in the long-term course (n=79) were compared to patients with PE only (n=40). Few differences were found. Relatives of patients with PE only had a lower morbidity risk for functional psychoses than relatives of patients with PE and NPE. A favourable course of illness in the presence of a low genetic predisposition may be expected, according to the diathesis-stress model of functional psychoses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02191888
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Follow-up and family study of postpartum psychoses (1994)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 244 (1994), S. 141-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Schizophreniform disorder ; Brief reactive psychosis ; Cycloid psychosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Among 30 women suffering from a postpartum psychosis without affective syndrome, and for whom this episode of illness was the first leading to psychiatric hospitalisation, 19 fulfilled in the long-term course the DSM-III-R criteria for schizophreniform psychosis (SCHF) or brief reactive psychosis (BRP), and 11 fulfilled the criteria for schizophrenia (SCH). The two groups were compared in order to investigate their nosological relation. Patients with SCHF or BRP more often had the symptomatology of cycloid psychoses and signs of confusion, the onset of illness was more frequently abrupt and the age at the index delivery tended to be lower (p〈0.07) than in patients with SCH. No case of SCHF or BRP was observed at the index episode that later developed into SCH. These findings, together with the different liability to puerperal decompensations, suggest that SCHF and BRP beginning in the postpartum period are nosologically distinct from SCH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02191889
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bovine adrenal medulla: Subcellular distribution of newly synthesised catecholamines, nucleotides and chromogranins (1972)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 273 (1972), S. 43-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Adrenal Medulla ; Chromaffin Granules ; Synthesis ; Catecholamines ; Nucleotides ; Chromogranins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The subcellular distribution of newly synthesised catecholamines, nucleotides and proteins was investigated in bovine adrenal medulla. 3H-tyrosine, 3H-leucine and 32P-phosphate were used as radioactive precursors (“pulse label”). 2. Already 3 min after infusion of 3H-tyrosine the bulk of the labelled catecholamines was present in the “large granules” (mitochondria, lysosomes and chromaffin granules). In the fractions from the density gradient the distribution of the labelled and the total catecholamines was the same. Analogous results were obtained at longer time intervals. 3. 3 min after infusion of 32P-phosphate the labelled nucleotides present in the “large granules” were concentrated in the mitochondrial fraction. At longer time intervals after infusion of 32P-phosphate (45 min and 4h) chromaffin granules had accumulated a larger portion of the labelled nucleotides, mitochondria contained less. 4. After infusion of 45Ca2+, the isotope present in the large granules was found to be concentrated in the mitochondria and in chromaffin granules. 5. After infusion of 3H-leucine the soluble proteins of the adrenal medulla rapidly became labelled. 4 h after 3H-leucine newly synthesised proteins could be demonstrated in a particle which was present in the large granule fraction and which equilibrated in density gradients in a position corresponding to 1.6 M sucrose. This particle can be differentiated from mitochondria, microsomes, lysosomes and the bulk of the chromaffin granules. The labelled soluble proteins of this particle were identified as chromogranins. It seems likely that this particle represents a newly formed chromaffin granule which differs in its properties from the bulk of mature granules. The membrane proteins of this particle were not significantly labelled. 6. After infusion of 32P-phosphate the phospholipids of the adrenal medulla became labelled. The subcellular distribution of these phospholipids was similar to that of a microsomal marker enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase. Lysoclecithin was not significantly labelled. 7. In the light of these results the subcellular events leading to the formation of complete chromaffin granules are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508079
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Different muscarine receptors mediate the prejunctional inhibition of [3H]-noradrenaline release in rat or guinea-pig iris and the contraction of the rabbit iris sphincter muscle (1989)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 340 (1989), S. 597-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: [3H]-noradrenaline release ; Rat and guineapig iris ; Prejunctional muscarinic inhibition ; Rabbit iris sphincter ; Hexahydro-difenidol enantiomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate the muscarine receptor type mediating inhibition of [3H]-noradrenaline release from the isolated rat and guinea-pig iris we have determined the potency of antimuscarinic drugs to antagonize the methacholine-induced inhibition of [3H]-noradrenaline overflow evoked by field stimulation (3 Hz, 2 min). The prejunctional apparent affinities were compared with those obtained for postjunctional muscarine receptors mediating the methacholine-induced contraction of the isolated rabbit iris sphincter muscle. Prejunctional apparent affinity constants of pirenzepine (6.67), himbacine (8.51), methoctramine (7.92), 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP, 8.00), hexahydro-difenidol enantiomers (6.92, (R); 5.77, (S)) in the rat iris and methoctramine (7.58) in the guinea-pig iris indicate the presence of M2 receptors. Although the post-junctional affinity constants in the rabbit iris sphincter of methoctramine (5.93), gallamine (3.92), and 4-DAMP (9.07) confirm our previous suggestions of the presence of M3-like receptors, the results obtained with the hexahydro-difenidol enantiomers do not agree with that concept. The post-junctional affinity constants of the hexahydro-difenidol enantiomers were not different from the prejunctional values (6.86, (R); 5.55, (S)), indicating a similar and low degree of stereoselectivity for these stereoisomers at both receptor sites (14 and 17, (R)/(S)-ratios, respectively). Hence, the postjunctional muscarine receptor in the rabbit iris sphincter fails to exhibit the high degree of stereo selectivity observed for hexahydro-difenidol enantiomers at M3 receptors on other smooth muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00717733
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