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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in response to the aversive properties and activity effects of low dose ethanol in LAS and HAS selectively bred rats (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 107 (1992), S. 564-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Conditioned place preference ; Locomotor activity ; HAS/LAS ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats selectively bred for high alcohol sleep times (HAS) and those that are less affected (LAS) by hypnotic doses (3.0–3.6 g/kg) of ethanol were tested for differential responses to the aversive effects of 1.0 g/kg ethanol in a conditioned place preference task. Likewise, the effects of 0.3–1.0 g/kg ethanol on spontaneous locomotor activity over a 30-min period, as well as the loss of righting reflex with a higher ethanol dose (3.0 g/kg), were determined in these animals. The LAS rats reacted more aversively to 1.0 g/kg during conditioned place aversion testing than the HAS animals and also had a shorter mean sleeping time following 3.0 g/kg ethanol. Furthermore, dose-related depression of spontaneous motor activity was seen in the HAS animals and not in the LAS animals over a 30-min period using doses of 0.3, 0.6, or 1.0 g/kg (10% w/v) ethanol. Taken together, the results indicate that the intoxicating sequelae of high ethanol doses, such as ataxia and sedation, may not be correlated with the aversive effects of low ethanol doses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245271
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rats become acutely tolerant to cathine after amphetamine or cathinone administration (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 126-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cathinone ; Amphetamine ; Cathine ; Drug discrimination ; Dopamine ; CGS 10746B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The drug discrimination paradigm was used to evaluate in rats the ability of the discriminate response to either 0.8 mg/kgd-amphetamine or 0.8 mg/kgl-cathinone to generalize to 2.4–6.0 mg/kg of the active cathinone metabolited-norpseudoephedrine, also known as cathine. When tested 24 h after vehicle administration, cathine generalized in a dose-related fashion in rats (n=6) trained with cathinone (ED50=3.03 mg/kg) and in rats (n=8) trained with amphetamine (ED50=2.93 mg/kg). In contrast, when cathine was tested 24 h after the administration of either amphetamine or cathinone, it produced significantly decreased discriminative performance. The possibility that this acute tolerance may have been produced by release, and subsequent depletion, of brain dopamine was tested by pretreating rats with the dopamine release inhibitor CGS 10746B. When CGS 10746B was administered prior to cathinone it significantly decreased cathinone discrimination. In addition, acute tolerance to cathine at 24 h after vehicle-cathinone co-administration was reversed when cathine was tested 24 h after CGS 10746B-cathinone co-administration. The results suggest that cathinone-produced discriminative stimulus, as well as the acute tolerance to cathine, may be dopaminergically mediated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253729
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transfer of state-dependent control of discriminative behaviour between subcutaneously and intraventricularly administered nicotine and saline (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 32 (1973), S. 327-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Intraventricular ; State-Dependent Behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to choose between the side compartments of a three-chambered shock-escape apparatus according to whether they were injected with nicotine or saline. Half of the rats learned to discriminate between 0.4 mg/kg nicotine and saline administered subcutaneously, whereas the other half learned to differentiate between 644 ng nicotine or saline administered intraventricularly. The rats trained by the subcutaneous route of administration had the ability to discriminate between nicotine and saline given intraventricularly and the rats trained by the intraventricular route could differentiate when the two substances were injected subcutaneously. This transfer of state-dependent control of discriminative behaviour between subcutaneously and intraventricularly administered nicotine and saline is presented as evidence for the central origin of the nicotine-produced interoceptive cue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429468
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased drug sensitivity in the drug discrimination procedure afforded by drug versus drug training (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 102 (1990), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Norfenfluramine ; Amphetamine ; Pentobarbital ; Session-to-criterion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate norfenfluramine (NF) 1.4 mg/kg from its vehicle or amphetamine (AMPH) 0.8 mg/kg or pentobarbital (PB) 6.0 mg/kg in order to determine the role that drug combination training plays in the rate of learning and sensitivity to lower drug doses. The results suggest that drug versus drug training can increase the rate of drug discrimination learning for some drugs that are learned slowly when trained in a drug versus vehicle training procedure, whereas drug versus drug training does not increase the rate of learning for other drugs that are learned rapidly. Drug versus drug training does, however, appear to increase the level of stimulus control of the training drug for all drugs examined in this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245925
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of acute deprivation of smoking on aggression and hostility (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 35 (1974), S. 19-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Smoking ; Deprivation ; Aggression ; Reaction Time ; Hostility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Smokers and non-smokers were tested on the Buss aggression-machine to determine their aggression scores and visual reaction times during two sessions. The mean aggression scores of the non-smokers did not differ significantly between sessions whereas there was a significant increase in aggression scores for the chronic smokers in their non-smoking (deprivation) session compared with their smoking session, This increase in aggression in deprived smokers is discussed as a factor in the continuance of the smoking habit and is positively correlated to rated hostility scores on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421562
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dopaminergic mediation of the interoceptive cue produced by d-amphetamine in rats (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 42 (1975), S. 185-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Dopamine ; Haloperidol ; State-Dependent Behavior ; Apomorphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract After rats were trained to differentiate between the effects of d-amphetamine and saline in a state-dependent task, pretreatment with the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, α-methyl-p-tyrosine, significantly decreased amphetamine discrimination. Pretreatment with the dopamine-Β-hydroxylase inhibitor, disulfiram, or with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, p-chloro-phenylalanine, was observed to have no effect on the rats' ability to discriminate d-amphetamine. Administration of haloperidol, a selective dopamine receptor blocker, completely abolished the amphetamine discrimination, whereas α- and Β-adrenergic receptor blockade had no effect. Apomorphine, a dopamine receptor stimulant, produced amphetamine-like responses and this was, likewise, abolished by pretreatment with haloperidol. These data suggest that dopaminergic systems mediate the interoceptive cue produced by d-amphetamine in rats, and these results are discussed in relation to possible dopamine mediation of amphetamine psychosis and paranoid schizophrenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429551
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between discrimination of drug states and external stimuli (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 61 (1979), S. 105-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; External stimuli ; Drug-induced stimulus control ; Discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats learned a two-choice operant response by discriminating differences between external stimuli, internal (drug-produced) stimuli, or a combination of these two types of stimuli. Separate groups of rats were used for each stimulus condition. A tactile and visual external cue was superior to the ethanol-saline cue in producing stimulus control, but the group receiving both drug and external stimulus cues performed in a manner very similar to the external cue-only group. The two stimulus sources thus did not “add” to promote more rapid or complete discrimination. After acquisition of discrimination, previously coincident drug and external stimulus states were reversed to determine which stimulus source had more behavioral control. This test for stimulus selectivity indicated that the external stimulus had essentially complete control of response choice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426820
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine as a discriminative cue in rats: Inability of related drugs to produce a nicotine-like cueing effect (1972)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 27 (1972), S. 379-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; State-Dependent Behavior ; Lobeline ; Amphetamine ; Arecoline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to enter one arm of a T-maze after the subcutaneous administration of 0.4 mg/kg and to enter the opposite arm following the injection of an equal volume of saline. Administration of 0.4 mg/kg nicotine isomethonium iodide hydroiodide, 0.4–10.0 mg/kg lobeline sulfate, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine sulfate and 0.25–2.0 mg/kg arecoline hydrobromide produced responses which resembled the established saline effect. Pretreatment with 10.0 mg/kg lobeline had no significant effect on the nicotine-cued response. The inability of these structurally and/or functionally similar drugs to produce a nicotine-like discriminative effect is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429392
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as a discriminative cue: Drugs with similar stimulus properties (1972)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 26 (1972), S. 313-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: LSD ; Mescaline ; Psilocybin ; State-Dependent Learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to choose between the arms of a T-maze apparatus according to whether they were injected i.p. with 0.1 Μmol/kg LSD or 0.9% saline. The LSD drug-state acquired the properties of a discriminative stimulus, possibly by producing interoceptive cues. Doses of 9.0 Μmol/kg psilocybin and 90 and 120 Μmol/kg mescaline produced cueing effects which were not significantly different from the cueing effect of LSD. However, d-amphetamine (14.8 and 29.6 Μmol/kg) did not appear to produce an LSD-like cue. These results suggest that LSD, mescaline and psilocybin, when administered in functionally equivalent doses, produce qualitatively similar interoceptive cues in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422707
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine as a discriminative stimulus in rats depleted of norepinephrine or 5-hydroxytryptamine (1972)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 24 (1972), S. 417-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: State-Dependent Learning ; Nicotine ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Norepinephrine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to make a specific behavioral response in a T-maze apparatus conditional upon whether they were injected with 0.4 mg/kg nicotine or saline. Depletion of brain levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine by orally administered para-chlorophenylalanine had no significant effect on the rats' ability to discriminate nicotine. However, both insoluble alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine and its ester, at intraperitoneal doses of 90 and 135 mg/kg, respectively, significantly decreased discrimination of nicotine at 180 and 270 min post-administration. At these doses and times, saline discrimination was not altered. The experimental evidence indicates that nicotine's CNS cueing effect is mediated by norepinephrine, and this is discussed in light of the Burn and Rand hypothesis. It is proposed that, nicotine may act on a specific nicotine-sensitive cholinergic receptor in the CNS, which causes release of norepinephrine which, in turn, produces the interoceptive cueing effect that enables the rats to make the appropriate behavioral response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402536
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