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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A movement-sensitive area in auditory cortex (1999)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 400 (1999), S. 724-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] It is important to recognize sound patterns, regardless of their position and motion. The ability to locate sound sources and track their motion involves various levels of the auditory pathways,. Motion and pattern analysis may first be spatially separated in the auditory cortex. We have ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/23390
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Neurotransmission Systems Are Differentially Involved in Auditory Cortex Learning: A Long-Term Microdialysis Study of Metabolites (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 68 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Auditory cortex has been shown to be a site of widespread neuronal learning processes even in the context of simple auditory conditioning behavior. In view of their presumed role in determining behavioral and motivational relevance of incoming information we investigated whether the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems are involved in auditory cortex learning. Using a chronic brain microdialysis technique over 4 days, samples from auditory cortex were obtained before, during, and after daily footshock avoidance training simultaneously from trained gerbils and passive control animals or pseudotrained animals. Because of detection limits of dopamine and serotonin in auditory cortex, the response profiles of extracellular homovanillic acid as the metabolite of the dopaminergic system and of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid as the metabolite of the serotonergic system were determined from consecutive dialysis samples each day. The response of the dopaminergic system appeared to reflect the initial formation of the behaviorally relevant association exclusively during the first training day, whereas the serotonergic response appeared to correlate with the stress level of animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68020691.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional Organization of Auditory Cortex in the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) II. Tonotopic 2-Deoxyglucose (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 5 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex in the Mongolian gerbil was mapped with 2-deoxyfluoro-D-glucose (2DG) using narrow-band frequency-modulated tones of different centre frequency (FM tones) and tones periodically alternating between two different frequencies (alternating tones) as stimuli. Continuous tone bursts of a constant frequency and repetition rate were used in initial experiments. Continuous tones produced 2DG patterns similar to those observed in animals that were not specifically stimulated. With tone bursts of constant frequency and repetition rate variable patterns were observed, some of which could be interpreted only in retrospect in the light of results obtained with FM tones and alternating tones. These stimuli, in contrast, produced differential metabolic responses which in conjunction with 2DG data from monaural animals and electrophysiological data made it possible to distinguish a primary auditory field AI with its dorsal region Aid, an anterior auditory field AAF, a ventral field V, a dorsoposterior field DP and a ventroposterior field VP, a dorsal field D, and in addition an anteroventral field AV. In the largest field (AI) and the smaller rostrally adjacent field AAF, frequency-specific dorsoventral bands of labelling (isofrequency contours) were mapped quantitatively. Bands shifted as a function of frequency relative to each other and to an independent spatial reference line in the lateral hippocampus. Spatial analysis of the single bands obtained with FM tones, and of the double bands obtained with alternating tones in both fields, revealed roughly mirror-imaged tonotopic maps of AI and AAF. In AI the progression from low to high frequencies was from caudal to rostral and in AAF the gradient was reversed, leading to a common high-frequency border of the two fields. In AI, the spatial resolution for frequencies below 16 kHz was in similar intervals per octave and higher for frequencies below 1 kHz. AI showed a somewhat higher spatial resolution for frequencies (at least below 1 kHz) as well as longer isofrequency contours than AAF. The 2-deoxyglucose patterns provided average tonotopic maps and topological data on various fields, as well as reliable landmarks in the gerbil's auditory cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00941.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential Frequency Conditioning Enhances Spectral Contrast Sensitivity of Units in Auditory Cortex (Field Al) of the Alert Mongolian Gerbil (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 8 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Differential aversive auditory conditioning in the awake Mongolian gerbil was performed during single- and multi-unit recording in field Al of the primary auditory cortex. Presentations of pure tone stimuli of a given frequency (reinforced conditioned stimulus; CS+) paired with electrocutaneous stimulation (unconditioned stimulus) were combined with several other non-reinforced tone stimuli (non-reinforced conditioned stimulus; CS-). Stimulus presentation during training and testing was optimized for constancy of the probability of occurrence of both the CS+ and the CS- stimulus. The paradigm led to a reorganization of both the spectral and temporal response characteristics of auditory cortical neurons with the following basic results. First, tone-evoked responses of Al neurons recorded after multiple acoustic stimulation under these conditions varied statistically around a mean value (stationarity). Conditioning produced a shift in mean values of evoked responses. The altered tone responses were also stationary (stability of the plastic effects). Second, the frequency-receptive fields (FRFs) of neurons were reorganized in a frequency-specific way such that the CS+ frequency became located in a local minimum of the FRF after training. This resulted from a training-induced increase in the responses to frequencies adjacent to the CS+ frequency in the FRF relative to the CS+ response. The effect can be interpreted as an enhancement of the ‘spectral contrast’ sensitivity of the unit in the CS+ neighbourhood. Third, apart from this frequency-specific plastic effect, responses to other frequencies also underwent changes during training. The non-frequency-specific changes were not generally predictable but the post-trial responses were stationary. Fourth, the analysis of the long-term behaviour of FRF reorganization revealed the stability of plastic effects under retention training and the gradual re-establishment of the pretrial FRF during extinction training. Fifth, not only the spectral characteristics but also the temporal structure of the tone-evoked responses could be affected by the training. In most cases the training-induced changes measured within the first tens of milliseconds of the response corresponded to the response changes obtained by integration over the total response period. There were some cases, however, in which the direction of the response change varied with time, indicating that excitatory and inhibitory influences on the temporal response pattern were differently affected by training.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01587.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional Organization of Auditory Cortex in the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). I. Electrophysiological Mapping of Frequency Representation and Distinction of Fields (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 5 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The frequency representation within the auditory cortex of the anaesthetized Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) was studied using standard microelectrode (essentially multiunit) mapping techniques. A large tonotopically organized primary auditory field (AI) was identified. High best frequencies (BFs) were represented rostrally and low BFs caudally along roughly dorsoventrally oriented isofrequency contours. Additional tonotopic representations were found adjacent to AI. Rostral to AI was a smaller field with a complete tonotopic gradient reversed with respect to that in AI (mirror image representation) and was termed the anterior auditory field (AAF). BFs in the range from 0.1 to 43 kHz, apparently covering the hearing range of the Mongolian gerbil, were found in AI and AAF. Units in these two core fields responded to narrow frequency ranges with short latencies. Ventral to the common high-frequency border to AAF and AI, a rapid transition to very low BFs suggested the presence of a ventral field (V). Caudal to AI two small tonotopically organized fields were identified, a dorsoposterior field (DP) and a ventroposterior field (VP). The VP showed a tonotopic organization mirror imaged to that of AI, i.e. low frequencies were represented rostrally near the caudal border of AI, and high frequencies caudally. The DP showed a concentric frequency organization with high BFs located in the centre. Units in DP and VP fired less strongly, with considerably longer latencies, and responded to a broader range of frequencies than units in AI and AAF. Dorsocaudal to AI a dorsal field (D) was identified, harbouring units that responded to very broad ranges of frequencies. A tonotopic organization of field D could not be discerned. In the border region of AI and D, low-frequency responses were similar to those found in parts of AI and AAF, but without a clear-cut tonotopic organization. This region was termed Aid. The two core fields AI and AAF appeared to be located within the koniocortex, while the remaining fields lay outside. Our data show that the organization of the gerbil auditory cortex is highly elaborate, with parcellation into fields as complex as in cat or primates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00940.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Frequency-specific c-Fos Expression and Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose Uptake in Auditory Cortex of Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 7 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Induction of c-Fos in the auditory cortex of gerbils was investigated immunocytochemically 1 h after single, triple or 1 h continuous stimulation with a series of narrow band frequency-modulated tone bursts. With single stimulation c-Fos immunoreactive neurons were chiefly found in the primary auditory field (AI), where they formed a narrow frequency-specific column across layers II-VI. Side-band-like patterns adjacent to this column appeared characteristically with triple stimulation. Immunoreactive cell density in the anterior auditory field and the caudal fields was sparse and location not frequency specific with single or triple stimulation. Spatial comparisons of c-Fos immunoreactive neuron density with 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) autoradiography in the same animals after 1 h of stimulation revealed spreading of c-Fos expression in neurons across the tonotopic maps of the Al and in the rostral and caudal fields of the auditory cortex. The pattern of the highest density of c-Fos labelled cells in the Al still matched the peak labelling of FDG autoradiographs. The results show that the postsynaptic marker c-Fos reflects the frequency representation in the Al with single or triple stimulation yet with a higher spatial resolution than the deoxyglucose technique. Longer stimulation causes non-tonotopic intracortical spreading of the c-Fos-inducing message, a phenomenon potentially reflecting the effects of cooperativity in the maps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01157.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional organization of auditory cortex in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). IV. Connections with anatomically characterized subcortical structures (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 12 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The subcortical connections of the four tonotopically organized fields of the auditory cortex of the Mongolian gerbil, namely the primary (AI), the anterior (AAF), the dorsoposterior (DP) and the ventroposterior field (VP), were studied predominantly by anterograde transport of biocytin injected into these fields. In order to allow the localization of connections with respect to subdivisions of subcortical auditory structures, their cyto-, fibre- and chemoarchitecture was characterized using staining methods for cell bodies, myelin and the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin. Each injected auditory cortical field has substantial and reciprocal connections with each of the three subdivision of the medial geniculate body (MGB), namely the ventral (MGv), dorsal (MGd) and medial division (MGm). However, the relative strengths of these connections vary: AI is predominantly connected with MGv, AAF with MGm and MGv, and DP and VP with MGd and MGv. The connections of at least AI and MGv are topographic: injections into caudal low-frequency AI label laterorostral portions of MGv, whereas injections into rostral high-frequency AI label mediocaudal portions of MGv. All investigated auditory fields send axons to the suprageniculate, posterior limitans, laterodorsal and lateral posterior thalamic nuclei, with strongest projections from DP and VP, as well as to the reticular and subgeniculate thalamic nuclei. AI, AAF, DP and VP project to all three subdivisions of the inferior colliculus, namely the dorsal cortex, external cortex and central nucleus ipsilaterally and to the dorsal and external cortex contralaterally. They also project to the deep and intermediate layers of the ipsilateral superior colliculus, with strongest projections from DP and VP to the lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei, the caudate putamen, globus pallidus and the pontine nuclei. In addition, AAF and particularly DP and VP project to paralemniscal regions around the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL), to the DNLL itself and to the rostroventral aspect of the superior olivary complex. Moreover, DP and VP send axons to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. The differences with respect to the existence and/or relative strengths of subcortical connections of the examined auditory cortical fields suggest a somewhat different function of each of these fields in auditory processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00143.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional magnetic resonance imaging of a human auditory cortex area involved in foreground–background decomposition (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 10 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Auditory foreground–background decomposition is a pattern recognition process which combines simultaneous and sequential grouping in complex sound sequences. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging with reduced scanner noise and stimulation through a new type of earphones, we investigated the possibility that this process activates topographically distinct areas of human auditory cortex. A basic matching-to-sample task with variable tones (sequential grouping) caused significant activity in three separate landmark-related territories on the supratemporal plane. A similar task in the presence of a strongly masking acoustic background pattern to challenge simultaneous grouping led to the distinction of the subterritory in which foreground signal-related or task-related signal properties were exclusively seen. In contrast to the remainder of territories the level of activity and the periodicity of the signal time-course was resistant to the masking influence of the background.This suggests that auditory foreground–background decomposition involves a specialized non-primary auditory cortex field. Generally, the findings demonstrate functional parcellation of auditory cortex for which the evidence in humans, in contrast to other primates, is only indirect to date.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00086.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapamycin-sensitive signalling in long-term consolidation of auditory cortex-dependent memory (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 18 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: New memories initially persist in a labile state and require protein synthesis-dependent processes of consolidation for long-term manifestation. Using differential conditioning to linearly frequency-modulated tones (FMs) we have recently shown that post-training injections of protein synthesis inhibitors into the auditory cortex of Mongolian gerbils interfere with long-term memory for a number of days. Here, we have used rapamycin as a pharmacological tool to elucidate signalling pathways that control the synthesis of proteins required for persistent memory storage. In mammalian cells, inhibition of target of rapamycin (TOR)-mediated pathways was shown to block the translation of distinct classes of mRNAs. Bilateral infusions of rapamycin into the gerbil auditory cortex shortly after FM discrimination training did not impair the maintenance of the newly acquired memory trace for 24 h, but caused profound retention deficits at 48 h after injection. Control experiments showed that the amnesic action is rapamycin-dependent, confined to the context of memory formation, and suppressed by the antagonist FK506. These data indicate that, in the mammalian brain, activation of rapamycin-sensitive signalling pathways contributes to long-term consolidation of a cerebral cortex-dependent form of memory. Moreover, the finding that rapamycin-induced amnesia parallels only late effects of conventional protein synthesis inhibitors on FM discrimination memory implies that at least two different protein synthesis-dependent processes control memory formation. Both are activated during or shortly after learning. Whereas one process is required for the initial maintenance of memory for about one day the second one is involved in the regulation of its long-lasting persistence in conditioning to FMs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02820.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Auditory activation of ‘visual’ cortical areas in the blind mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi) (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 16 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi) is a subterranean rodent whose adaptations to its fossorial life include an extremely reduced peripheral visual system and an auditory system suited for the perception of vibratory stimuli. We have previously shown that in this blind rodent the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the primary visual thalamic nucleus of sighted mammals, is activated by auditory stimuli. In this report we focus on the manifestation of this cross-modal compensation at the cortical level. Cyto- and myeloarchitectural analyses of the occipital area showed that despite the almost total blindness of the mole rat this area has retained the organization of a typical mammalian primary visual cortex. Application of the metabolic marker 2-deoxyglucose and electrophysiological recording of evoked field potentials and single-unit activity disclosed that a considerable part of this area is activated by auditory stimuli. Previous neuronal tracing studies had revealed the origin of the bulk of this auditory input to be the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus which itself receives auditory input from the inferior colliculus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02063.x
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