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  • 1
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori is high in Eastern Europe. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of H. pylori in symptomatic Lithuanian children and to identify the infection by clinicopathological and serological analyses.One hundred sixteen symptomatic children (age 8–16) with gastritis and duodenal ulcer were included. Biopsies were histologically assessed according to the Sydney-System. Serum IgG antibodies against H. pylori were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using low molecular mass antigen. The western blot technique was used to detect serum antibodies against the cytotoxin-associated protein (CagA) using whole cell antigen.Histologically the prevalence of H. pylori infection was 79% and not influenced by demographic factors. Mucosal inflammation and atrophy were associated with a H. pylori infection. Intestinal metaplasia was found in eight children, suggesting early H. pylori acquisition in life.Increased levels of IgG antibodies were detected in 57% of children. The prevalence of IgG antibodies was significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcer compared to children with gastritis. Forty-four (67%) H. pylori-seropositive children had antibodies against CagA. Low molecular weight-ELISA and whole cell-western blot results were significantly associated with histopathology, the presence of duodenal ulcer and the CagA status. A high number of false seronegative cases were due to poor immunological responses in children and poor locally validated tests.The prevalence of H. pylori infection in Lithuanian children is higher compared to Western Europe. The infection is acquired in early life. Diagnosing H. pylori infection, serology is helpful, but endoscopy/histology remains as gold standard.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 60 (1968), S. 176-208 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Totenkopfaffen besitzen ein gleich gut ausgebildetes stereoskopisches Sehen wie der Mensch. 2. Die relative Tiefenunterscheidung ist querdisparat besser als längsdisparat. Die Tiefenwahrnehmung in längsdisparater Richtung deutet darauf hin, daß neben dem stereoskopischen Sehen noch andere Mechanismen zum Tiefensehen beitragen. 3. Größenbeziehungen können zur genauen Tiefenlokalisation nicht verwendet werden, da die Unterscheidungsfähigkeit für Größenverhältnisse zu gering ist. Die Unterscheidung „groß-klein“ wird sehr viel schlechter erlernt als „nah-fern“. 4. Das Tiefensehen ist nicht von der Elevation abhängig, d.h. die Affen unterscheiden gleich gut in horizontaler wie in vertikaler Richtung. Es bestehen demnach auch keine Interaktionen zwischen vestibulärem System und visueller Tiefenlokalisation. 5. Als Kriterium des absoluten Entfernungssehens diente die Sprungweite. Die Sprungleistung ist unabhängig davon, ob das Aufsprungziel mit zunehmender oder gemischter Distanz geboten wird. 6. Für das absolute Entfernungssehen werden keine Anhaltspunkte aus der unmittelbaren Umgebung des Zieles benötigt. 7. Bei verschieden breiten Ansprungbrettern, die in regelloser Reihenfolge geboten werden, sind die maximalen Sprungweiten beim breitesten Brett größer als beim schmälsten. Daraus läßt sich schließen, daß unter gewissen Bedingungen die Sehgröße für die Entfernungswahrnehmung mitbestimmend ist. 8. Ausschaltung der Akkommodation durch Homatropin hebt das Entfernungssehen nicht auf. 9. Die mögliche Bedeutung von stereoskopischem Sehen, Bewegungsparallaxe und Sehgröße für die Raumorientierung wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In two-way reinforcement experiments a pair of squirrel monkeys were trained to go to the nearer (or farther) of two black balls (5L 5 cm), hanging on colorless strings side by side. The distance between the two balls was reduced until the monkeys become unable to discriminate between them. As compared with results achieved by two humans, the accuracy of the monkeys was lower, but the angle of depth perception was approximately the same. The apparatus was then revolved about an angle of 90° so that the two balls hung one above the other, making it possible to determine the acuity of stereoscopic vision in vertical disparity. In this arrangement the accuracy of both monkeys and humans was found to drop markedly. The threshold of discrimination of two black circles of different diameter was found to be much higher than the angle of vision of the balls at different distances, making it clear that discrimination was stereoscopic. Depth perception was independent of the elevation of the head (meausred in steps of 15° from horizontal to vertical). In jumping experiments, the greatest distance which the monkeys jumped was independent of the order in which the goals were offered; the maximum remained the same whether the goal distance was randomly varied or continuously increased. Reducing the environmental clues by screens also had no effect. However, when grey boards of different breadth were offered as goals, the monkey more often refused to jump to the narrower then to the broader boards. This may mean that object distance is measured by means of the size of the retinal image. Elimination of accommodation by Homatropin did not keep off the monkey from jumping. The animal always made several false starts, the head moving several times left and right, thus increasing motion parallaxe. Importance of stereoscopic vision, retinal size and motion parallaxe in the orientation of the squirrel monkey are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 163 (1988), S. 771-776 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In mice (strain NMRI) the influence of olfactory rearing conditions on the ontogenetic development of the bulbar electroencephalogram (EEG) was investigated. The cages of control animals were perfused continually with filtered air, whereas in the three experimental groups geraniol was added to the atmosphere at different times (group G0–13, from birth till day 13; group G0–6, from birth till day 6; group G6–12, from day 6 till day 12). At various ages the EEG of the bulbus olfactorius was studied by means of permanently implanted tungsten electrodes, and the neural response to nest odour and geraniol (10−2 vol. %) was recorded. No differences were found between the groups regarding the overall development of the bulbar EEG, nor did the raising conditions affect the neural response to nest odour. However, in groups G0–13 and G6–12 a marked response to the odour of geraniol was recorded, while in the controls and the individuals that had experienced geraniol only during their first week of life, the bulbar response to this odourant did not differ from that obtained following stimulation with clean air. In the animals of group g0–13, which were investigated as adults (day 70), the prominent geraniol response was still recordable 2 months after the last contact with the odour. These results indicate that odours experienced during a sensitive period in the nest evoke neuronal alterations in the olfactory system of the mouse that facilitate processing of a known odourant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 146 (1982), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The common vampire bat,Desmodus rotundus, is known to be capable of detecting temperature differences. In the experiments described here two animals were trained to give preference to the radiation emitted by a warm signal unit (the negative unit was left at room temperature). The distance between the decision line and the signal units was 8, 12 or 16 cm. Both animals responded to radiation as low as 0.5 × 10−4 W cm−2 (Fig. 3). 2. Based on calculations of the radiation emitted by the human skin, vampires should be capable of detecting warm-blooded animals at a distance up to 16 cm (Fig. 4). This sense for thermal radiation may aid these bats in localizing or selecting a suitable biting site. 3. Histological studies of the bats' facial structures indicate that thermal stimuli are most probably perceived in the three pits surrounding the central nose leaf: the thin, hairless and glandless skin is underlaid with dense connective tissue. Thermography reveals that the surface temperature of the nasal region is up to 9 °C lower than that of the neighboring parts of the face (Fig. 2).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 236 (1982), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Hirnstammpotentiale ; Summenaktionspotential ; Frequenzspezifität ; Meerschweinchen ; Auditory brain stem potentials ; Compound action potential ; Frequency-dependence ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Neural auditory responses in the guinea pig, monitored by surface electrodes (brain stem potentials and frequency-following responses) and by electrodes at the round window, were analyzed for evidence of frequency dependence in the range from 500 Hz to 15 kHz. The characteristics of the brain stem potentials and frequency-following responses with stimuli near threshold intensity for frequencies below 2 kHz indicate that this activity derives from the excitation of apical regions of the basilar membrane. The same interpretation applies to the potentials recorded at the round window. Comparison of the responses seen with surface electrodes and those appearing at the round window reveals that the broad potential PI of the brain stem response to low-frequency stimuli corresponds to the compound action potential, while the frequency-following responses correspond to phase-locked responses in the acoustic nerve.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Frequenzspezifität der über Oberflächenelektroden abzuleitenden Hirnstammpotentiale und Frequenzfolgepotentiale sowie der am runden Fenster aufzuzeichnenden Potentiale wurde für den Frequenzbereich von 500 Hz bis 15 kHz beim Meerschweinchen untersucht. Aufgrund der Antwortcharakteristika ließen sich die Hirnstammantworten und Frequenzfolgepotentiale bei Frequenzen unter 2 kHz für Reizintensitäten in Schwellennähe auf die Erregung apikaler Bereiche der Basilarmembran zurückführen. Gleiches traf für die am runden Fenster abgeleiteten Potentiale zu. Der Vergleich der Antworten über Oberflächenelektroden mit den am runden Fenster aufgezeichneten Potentialen zeigte Übereinstimmung des breit angelegten Potentials PI der Hirnstammantworten im Tieftonbereich mit dem Summenaktionspotential, und Entsprechung der Frequenzfolgepotentiale mit phasenbezogenen Antworten des N. acusticus auf.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 228 (1980), S. 249-258 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Hirnstammpotentiale ; Gehör ; Altersabhängigkeit ; Meerschweinchen ; Albinimus/Pigmentation ; Auditory brainstem potentials ; Age-relation ; Guinea pig ; Albinism/pigmentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The auditory evoked brainstem responses of guinea pigs in two age groups were recorded and examined for evidence of age-dependent changes at peripheral stations in the auditory pathway. Because pigmented guinea pigs have been found to be less sensitive to sounds than albinos, both groups were included in this study. Old and young animals did not differ in response latency or in the conduction times associated with the individual potentials. By contrast, the amplitudes of the brainstem responses to high-frequency stimuli were distinctly reduced in old guinea pigs, with no difference in the dynamic of the amplitude between the two age groups. Within each age group, albino and pigmented animals resembled one another in all parameters studied. The effect of the aging process at the peripheral stations of the auditory pathway is discussed in the light of these results.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Erfassung altersspezifischer Veränderungen peripherer Hörbahnstationen wurden akustisch evozierte Hirnstammantworten bei Meerschweinchen zweier Altersstufen untersucht. Da Angaben über Unterschiede in der Hörleistung von Albino- und pigmentierten Meerschweinchen vorliegen, wurden beide Kollektive in die Untersuchung einbezogen. Im Latenzverhalten wiesen beide Altersstufen keine Unterschiede auf; ebenso ließ sich für die Laufzeitdifferenz der einzelnen Potentiale kein Alterseinfluß feststellen. Die Amplitude der Hirnstammantworten dagegen zeigte sich bei alten Meerschweinchen für hohe Frequenzen deutlich reduziert, wobei das dynamische Verhalten der Amplitude beider Altersgruppen keine Unterschiede aufwies. Albino- und pigmentierte Meerschweinchen entsprachen sich in beiden Altersgruppen in den Größen der untersuchten Parameter. Der Einfluß des Alterungsprozesses auf die peripheren Hörbahnstationen wird auf Grund der ermittelten Ergebnisse diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1976 (1976), S. 1514-1519 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Trimethoxyphenyl Compounds, VIII. - Boron Heterocycles in Preparative Natural Products Chemistry; Synthesis of Baeckeol 2)2,4,6-Trimethoxytoluene, (CH3)zCH- (CH2) -CO2H ( n = 0 or 1 ) and boron trifluoride react, by selective demethylation, to give stable boron heterocycles and, by subsequent hydrolysis, baeckeol (2a) and homobaeckeol (2 b). 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene is acylated twice, but demethylation occurs only at one methoxy group.
    Notes: 2,4,6-Trimethoxytoluol gibt mit (CH3)2CH—(CH)n—CO2H (n = 0 oder 1) und Bortri- fluorid unter selektiver Entmethylierung stabile Borheterocyclen; deren Hydrolyse liefert Baeckeol (2a) sowie Homobaeckeol (2b). I,1,5-Trimethoxybenzo1 wild doppelt acyliert, aber nur einfach entmethyliert.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Heteroarene ; Komplexe mit Phosphorliganden ; Phosphaalkine ; Phosphorverbindungen ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1982 (1982), S. 1509-1513 
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Trimethoxyphenyl Compounds, IX.  -  Boron Heterocycles in Preparative Natural Products Chemistry: A Simple Synthesis of Aurentiacin2,4,6-Trimethoxytoluene, C6H5-X-CO2H (X = CH=CH, CH2-CH2), and boron trifluoride reacted, by selective demethylation, to give crystalline boron heterocycles and, by subsequent hydrolysis, aurentiacin (3b) and dihydroaurentiacin (3c). 2-Phenylpropionic acid acylated 4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethoxytoluene without demethylation. Under more vigorous conditions, diacylation occurred which was accompanied by demethylation. The second acyl group was easily lost.
    Notes: 2,4,6-Trimethoxytoluol ergab mit C6H5-X-CO2H (X = CH = CH, CH2-CH2) und Bortrifluorid unter selektiver Entmethylierung kristalline Borheterocyclen. Deren Hydrolyse lieferte Aurentiacin (3b) und Dihydroaurentiacin (3c). 4-Hydroxy-2,6-dimethoxytoluol nahm einen (2-Phenylpropionyl)-Rest ohne, unter verschärften Bedingungen einen zweiten mit gleichzeitiger Entmethylierung auf. Der zweite Acylrest wurde leicht wieder abgespalten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: complexes with phosphorus ligands ; heteroarenes ; phosphaalkynes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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