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  • 1
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: For radical copolymerizations of α-methylstyrene (MS) with methacrylonitrile (MAN) and of MS with acrylonitrile (AN) studies were carried out to examine postulations of kinetic models known from literature, in particular the terminal model with chain-length-independent and chain-length-dependent depolymerization steps. The results of investigations were based on measurements of the sequence length distributions from 13C-NMR spectra. Analyses of MS/MAN copolymers with various compositions were carried out. Reaction parameters and depolymerization constants depending on temperature were calculated. The values of enthalpy and entropy of polymerization and the ceiling temperature were computed for MS to ΔH = 26,5 ± 0,5 kJ mol-1, ΔS = 95 ± 5 J mol-1 K-1, Tceiling = 65 ± 1°C. The terminal model with depolymerization steps turned out to be wrong for the accurate description of the polymerization behaviour in case of the tested systems. Results clearly show important penultimate effects. At the point of knowledge, the description of the polymerization behaviour in terms of a penultimate model with depolymerization steps are suggested.
    Notes: Für die radikalischen Copolymerisationen von α-Methylstyrol (MS) mit Methacrylnitril (MAN) sowie MS mit Acrylnitril (AN) wurden Untersuchungen zur Prüfung der in der Literatur postulierten kinetischen Modelle des „sequenzlängenunabhängigen“ bzw. „sequenzlängenabhängigen“ Terminalmodells mit Depolymerisationsschritten durchgeführt. Sie basieren auf Analysen der Sequenzverteilungen aus 13C-NMR-Spektren. Resultate von 13C-NMR-Untersuchungen an MS/MAN-Polymeren variabler Zusammensetzung werden vorgestellt. Reaktionsparameter und Gleichgewichtskonstanten wurden direkt aus den Informationen der 13C-NMR-Spektren für das Terminalmodell mit Depolymerisationsschritten in Abhängigkeit von der Reaktionstemperatur der Polymeren bestimmt. Hieraus konnten die Polymerisationsenthalpie ΔH = 26,5 ± 0,5 kJ mol-1, die Polymerisationsentropie ΔS = 95 ± 5 J mol-1 K-1 sowie die Ceilingtemperatur Tceiling = 65 ± 1°C für MS bestimmt werden. Es wurde nachgewiesen, daß im Rahmen der Terminalnäherung auch mit Berücksichtigung von Depolymerisationseinflüssen keine adäquate Beschreibung des Copolymerisationsverhaltens im Falle der untersuchten Systeme möglich ist. Vielmehr konnten als Ergebnis der Untersuchungen sowohl in Copolymeren von MS mit AN als auch mit MAN signifikante Penultimate-Effekte nachgewiesen werden. Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen wird die Anwendung eines auf einer Penultimate-Näherung basierenden Modells, welches auch das Gleichgewicht in den Wachstumsreaktionen von MS berücksichtigt, zur theoretischen Vorhersage des Copolymerisationsverhaltens vorgeschlagen.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A diffusion adsorption model with an adsorption equilibrium supposed after every time step and a coloration process model with time dependent diffusion and adsorption processes were derived on the basis of a cell model of fibre with transient and adsorbent states. For the dyeing of an acrylic fibre with 6 different cationic dyes at 93°C and 98°C the model parameters  -  diffusion coefficient and kinetic constants of adsorption and desorption, respectively  -  were determined by fitting to experimental coloration curves using the parameters of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The diffusion coefficients obtained are in the range of 10-9 cm2/s. The little difference between the results of the two different coloration models used affirms the assumption that the diffusion may be regarded as the velocity determining step of dyeing. But coloration with C.I. Basic Red 18 at 93°C showed that the adsorption rate must not be neglected in every case.
    Notes: Auf der Grundlage eines Zellenmodells der Faser mit transienten und adsorbierenden Zuständen wurden ein Diffusions-Adsorptions-Modell mit nach jedem Zeitschritt eingestelltem Adsorptionsgleichgewicht sowie ein Färbeprozeßmodell mit zeitabhängigem Diffusions- und Adsorptionsprozeß abgeleitet. Für das Färben einer Polyacrylnitrilfaser mit 6 verschiedenen kationischen Farbstoffen bei 93°C und 98°C erfolgte die Bestimmung der Modellparameter  -  Diffusionskoeffizienten und kinetische Konstanten von Ad- und Desorption  -  durch Anpassung an experimentelle Aufziehkurven unter Verwendung der Parameter der Adsorptionsisotherme nach Langmuir. Die erhaltenen Diffusionskoeffizienten liegen in der Größenordnung von 10-9 cm2/s. Der geringe Unterschied der Ergebnisse der beiden unterschiedlichen verwendeten Färbemodelle stützt die Annahme, daß die Diffusion den geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt darstellt. Beim Färben mit Crypurrot GTL bei 93°C zeigte sich jedoch, daß die Adsorptionsgeschwindigkeit nicht in jedem Fall vernachlässigt werden kann.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1022-1344
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Remarkable shifts in chemical composition, molar mass, sequence length and sequence frequency will occur in the course of free-radical multicomponent polymerizations, if the reactivities of the comonomers are different and a simple batch reactor is used. It is shown for the terpolymerization system of methyl methacrylate/styrene/maleic anhydride that a semi-batch reactor with appropriate regimes is suitable to obtain products with improved chemical, molecular and sequential homogeneity. However, if polymers with defined inhomogeneities like bimodal molar mass or chemical composition distributions are desired, these are also obtainable by use of appropriate operational policies, which will be illustrated for the homopolymerization of methyl methacrylate and the binary copolymerization of methyl methacrylate/maleic anhydride. Concerning the instantaneous mean chemical composition of polymer molecules, which cannot be measured directly, a new procedure is presented to determine this quantity experimentally.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1022-1336
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Styrene/N-cyclohexylmaleimide copolymers with small polydispersities and controlled molecular weights were synthesized by a free radical copolymerization using an iniferter system consisting of benzoyl peroxide and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl. Due to the interactions of the electropositive (styrene) and electronegative (N-cyclohexylmaleimide) monomers the brutto polymerization rates are higher than for other living polymerizations initiated with the same iniferter system. The prepared copolymers were used as macroiniferters for bulk polymerization of styrene.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 1418-1421 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 57 (1985), S. 342-345 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basel : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Theory and Simulations 2 (1993), S. 275-297 
    ISSN: 1018-5054
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Formulae to calculate the statistically caused instantaneous copolymer composition distribution as well as the chemical distribution of accumulated macromolecules, which is due to polymerization statistics and shifts in mean polymer composition during the reaction process, are derived on the basis of a universal model for free-radical solution polymerization with any number of monomers proceeding in a batch, semi-batch or continuous, ideally mixed vessel. The influence of the reactor type on chemical composition distributions is investigated for a copolymerization of different reactive components (methyl methacrylate/styrene/maleic anhydride), a system with nearly equal reactive monomers (methyl methacrylate/styrene), and the ternary polymerization of methyl methacrylate/styrene/maleic anhydride. Though products of constant mean composition are obtainable in a semi-batch or steady-state continuous reactors, considerable statistical dispersion cannot be removed in any case.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 248 (1997), S. 23-40 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Monomers with two olefinic groups of different reactivity are of interest for polyreactions. Therefore, copolymers of allyl methacrylate (AMA) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St) were synthesized by free radical polymerization without crosslinking during the polymerization process. The r-values, the molecular weight distributions, and the thermal crosslinking of these copolymers were investigated as a function of the AMA concentration.
    Notes: Monomere mit zwei polymerisierbaren olefinischen Gruppen unterschiedlicher Reaktivität sind interessant für Polyreaktionen. Copolymere des Allymethacrylats (AMA) mit Methylmethacrylat (MMA) und Styrol (St) wurden durch radikalische Polymerisation weitgehend ohne Vernetzung während des Polymerisationsprozesses hergestellt. Diese Copolymeren wurden hinsichtlich ihrer r-Werte, der Molmassenverteilung und der thermischen Vernetzung in Abhängigkeit von der AMA-Konzentration untersucht.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Rapid Communications 18 (1997), S. 1049-1055 
    ISSN: 1022-1336
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polystyrene/poly[styrene-co-(butyl methacrylate)] block copolymers with controlled molecular weights and with polydispersities generally below M̄w/M̄n = 1,45 and partially as low as M̄w/M̄n = 1,19 were synthesized by a free radical bulk copolymerization using a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-capped polystyrene macroinitiator. The influence of the macroinitiator concentration on the block copolymerization was studied. The polymerization rates are independent of the macroinitiator concentration and are close to that of thermally self-initiated styrene/butyl methacrylate copolymerizations showing the important role of self-initiation for N-oxyl mediated free radical polymerizations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Theory and Simulations 3 (1994), S. 855-883 
    ISSN: 1022-1344
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: With the help of a simple reaction-diffusion model with constant striation thickness the influence of micromixing on free-radical polymerization was investigated for several test reactions with discontinuous prepolymerization and jerky addition of selected reactants. Monomer conversion or mean values of molar mass and chemical composition cannot be expected to be very sensitive to micromixing effects. If molar mass distributions are to be used, problems will arise from the fact that the distribution of the polymer accumulated during prepolymerization covers mixing influences occurring after reactant feed. The instantaneous molar mass distribution would be more suitable. Time-integral distributions of chemical composition or sequence length in combination with appropriate test reactions proved to be feasible indicators for the effects of micromixing as it becomes possible to separate the distribution of the prepolymer from that of the polymer which is formed after addition when micromixing is to be investigated.
    Additional Material: 31 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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