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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grain Amaranth Seeding Dates in the Northern Great Plains (1998)
    Springer
    Semigroup forum 90 (1998), S. 339-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2137
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: An understanding of crop response to planting date is essential when evaluating a potential new crop. A field study was designed to determine the optimum range of planting dates for dryland grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L. and A. hypochondriacus L. x A. hybridus L.) in the Northern Great Plains. Four grain amaranth cultivars, diverse for plant height and branching, were evaluated over four consecutive years from 1989 to 1992 at Prosper (46 degrees 58' N, 97 degrees 4' W, elevation 220 m) in North Dakota. Soil types at the test site are a complex of Perella (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Endoaquolls) and Beardon (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Aeric Calciaquolls). Four or five planting dates were selected, ranging from 1 May to 1 July at approximately 15-d intervals. Year-to-year differences in weather influenced the response of amaranth to planting date for grain yield, days to anthesis, harvest index, plant height, final plant population, and lodging. Plants sown in mid-June produced the greatest grain yield in 1989 and 1990, when near- or above-average temperatures occurred throughout most of the growing season. Seedling survival was greater with later planting dates in all years except 1989, when excellent stands were achieved with all planting dates. Greatest yields in 1992, an unusually cool year, were produced with May planting dates; in that year, most plants sown in mid-June did not mature before first frost. Material planted on 1 July failed to mature in both 1991 and 1992. In years with near- or above-average temperatures, the mid-June planting date was best for maximizing both stand establishment and grain yield. Given the uncertainty in predicting weather conditions, planting in early June in the Northern Great Plains should achieve good stands and produce high grain yields, while minimizing the risk of yield loss associated with cool conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Row Spacing, Plant Population, and Cultivar Effects on Grain Amaranth in the Northern Great Plains (2000)
    Springer
    Semigroup forum 92 (2000), S. 329-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2137
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Amaranthus spp.) production in the northern Great Plains was evaluated at Prosper and Williston, ND, over 6 station-years. Amaranth cultivars K283, K343, K432, and MT-3 were established at populations of 74000, 173000, and 272000 plants ha−1 in 30- and 76-cm row spacings. Grain and biomass yield, plant height, harvest index, harvested plant population, and plant lodging were measured. Grain yields were similar among plant populations at each of the drier environments, averaging 1050 and 410 kg ha−1 for Prosper in 1989 and Williston in 1990, respectively. A 12% yield advantage, 160 kg ha−1, was observed at the lowest compared with the highest plant population at Prosper in 1990, but not in 1992. The main effect of row spacing on grain yield was not significant; however, the interaction of row spacing, plant population, and environment indicated population yield ranking differences at the 30-cm row spacing among environments but not at the 76-cm row spacing. The two A. cruentus L. cultivars, K283 and MT-3, generally produced more grain than the two A. hypochondriacus L. ×A. hybridus L. cultivars, K343 and K432, especially in dry environments. When considering yield, plant mortality, and potential harvest difficulties, the moderate population (173000 plants ha−1), 76-cm row spacing, and generally higher-yielding A. cruentus cultivars would be recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interhybrid Competition Affects Sunflower Character Expression (1998)
    Springer
    Semigroup forum 90 (1998), S. 202-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2137
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Helianthus annuus L.) characters. Field studies were conducted in North Dakota at three dryland sites: Carrington, Fargo, and Prosper. Interhybrid and intrahybrid competitive situations were attained by using one-row or two-row hybrid arrangements with three hybrids as possible borders. Competitive effects were determined on achene yield, achene oil concentration, achene weight, test weight, days to anthesis, head diameter, plant height, and leaf number. Plot achene yield was 20% greater when the border hybrid was a semidwarf than when border hybrids were of more conventional height. Border hybrid competitive influences on achene yield were approximately twice as great for one-row as for two-row arrangements. Other characters influenced by interhybrid competition were test weight, head diameter, and plant height. Characters not influenced by interhybrid competition included achene weight, achene oil concentration, days to anthesis, and leaf number. Plot border rows are recommended when evaluating characters subject to interhybrid competitve influences. An alternative approach is using one-row or two-row arrangements and grouping hybrids similar in plant height and maturity in the same field proximity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of soil chloride level on cadmium concentration in sunflower kernels (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 275-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cadmium ; chloride ; sunflower kernel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Understanding soil factors related to cadmium (Cd) uptake and accumulation in plants is important for development of agronomic technologies, and breeding strategy to produce low Cd crops. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of soluble salts (chloride and sulfate) and other soil factors on the Cd concentration in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) kernels. Commercial nonoilseed hybrid kernels and soils were sampled from 22 farmer's production fields in North Dakota and Minnesota. The sites sampled included saline and nonsaline variants from 7 soil series. Soils were sampled at four depths. Relationships between kernel Cd level and soil physical and chemical characteristics were examined. The soil pH covered a narrow range (7.3–8.1) at these sampled sites. Regression analysis showed that there was no correlation between kernel Cd and soil pH at any depth. The kernel Cd level was highly correlated with DTPA-extractable Cd in all 4 depths, and with clay content in sub-soils. Soil chloride and sulfate concentrations varied among soil series and within soil series. The absence of a statistically significant effect of soil sulfate level on kernel Cd concentration, indicated that soil sulfate levels did not affect Cd uptake by sunflower plants. However, soil chloride levels in sub-soil were correlated with kernel Cd. The most important soil factor was DTPA-extractable Cd. When chloride was included in the multiple regression equations, R square (R2) values improved significantly. These results demonstrate that soil chloride concentration is another important factor related to Cd uptake in sunflower plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007954
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Screening for low grain cadmium phenotypes in sunflower, durum wheat and flax (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: breeding ; cadmium ; low Cd germplasm ; soil series
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium (Cd) level in nonoilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) grown on uncontaminated, alkaline soils has exceeded limits established in Northern Europe. Separate field experiments were conducted to investigate variability of grain Cd levels among sunflower, durum wheat and flax germplasm, and to seek an efficient screening method for future breeding. There were large variations in leaf Cd concentration among 200 sunflower lines. These lines performed more consistently for Cd uptake at the R5 stage than at the V8 stage across 4 locations with markedly differing soils. Cd concentration in V8 leaves was not related to Cd in grain. The positive correlation between R5 leaf Cd and kernel Cd level was obtained from nonoilseed hybrid (Sigco 954) (R2; = 0.74**), and 200 lines (R2 = 0.44**) tested over 4 locations in 2 field trials, respectively. This indicates that an efficient and low cost screening method can be developed for genotype selection, but plants must be grown to the R5 stage. A preliminary evaluation of 30 durum wheat and 74 flax lines indicated large variations in grain Cd level of durum wheat and flax. Grain Cd concentration ranged from 0.11 to 0.34 mg Cd kg-1 DW for durum wheat, and 0.14 to 1.37 mg Cd kg-1 DW for flax, respectively. This variability indicates that breeding for low grain Cd in durum wheat and flax should be feasible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002996405463
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of field limestone applications on cadmium content of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) leaves and kernels (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cadmium ; limestone ; sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nonoilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is naturally higher in cadmium (Cd) than many other grain crops. Because raising soil pH usually depresses Cd uptake by most species, a study was designed to determine if application of agricultural limestone to neutralize soil acidity would decrease Cd uptake by sunflower plants grown on different soils in the production area of North Dakota. The field experiments were conducted at 3 locations in 1991 and 2 locations in 1992. At each site, limestone was applied to bring soil pH to 6.5–7.0, or an additional 45 Mg ha-1 more limestone was applied, and these two treatments were compared to no-lime control. Commercial nonoilseed hybrid 954 was planted in these experiments. The rapid short-term lime-soil reaction occurred in first 12 weeks following limestone application. Mean kernel Cd concentration for each treatment varied from 0.35 to 1.45 mg kg-1 DW in the first year of the experiments, and from 0.37 to 1.23 mg kg-1 DW in the experiments of 1992 across all locations. Large variations in kernel Cd levels between locations were obtained. There were no significant differences among control and limestone treatments for kernel Cd, seedling leaf Cd and diagnostic leaf Cd within each location, respectively. In regression analysis, we found that kernel Cd level correlated with diagnostic leaf Cd concentration in each treatment, but poor correlations were obtained among other variables. These results indicated that limestone application did not reduce Cd uptake and transfer to kernels of sunflower, in contrast with most species studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015313
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