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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Mivacurium ; Neostigmin ; Edrophonium ; Key words Mivacurium ; Neostigmine ; Edrophonium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Mivacurium has a short duration of action because it is rapidly hydrolysed by plasma cholinesterase. There is ongoing controversy concerning the antagonism of mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block, firstly because of its short spontaneous recovery time, and secondly because the metabolism of mivacurium may be inhibited by anticholinesterases. We therefore compared neostigmine and edrophonium reversal of deep and moderate mivacurium-induced blocks. Methods: After approval by the local ethics committee, 48 ASA class I and II adult patients were investigated during nitrous oxide-fentanyl-thiopental anaesthesia using train-of-four (TOF) stimulation and monitoring of the isometric force of adduction of a thumb. The patients received 0.2 mg/kg mivacurium i.v. Neuromuscular transmission was allowed to recover spontaneously in 10 patients (group SP). In 2 other groups the neuromuscular block was antagonised by administration of 0.04 mg/kg neostigmine (group N5; n=9) or 1.0 mg/kg edrophonium (group E5; n=10) when T1 had recovered spontaneously to 5% of control. In two other groups the neuromuscular block was antagonised with the same doses of neostigmine or edrophonium in 10 patients (group N25) and 9 patients (group E25), respectively, when T1 had recovered spontaneously to 25% of control. Results: Neostigmine or edrophonium administered when T1 had recovered spontaneously to 25% of control shortened the recovery time (time from administration of antagonist to a T4/T1-ratio of 0.7) significantly from 10.7±2.2 min (mean±SD) in the SP group to 5.1±2.0 and 5.3±1.5 min in the N25 and E25 groups, respectively (P〈0.05). The corresponding recovery times in the SP, N5, and E5 groups were 15.9±2.9, 10.0±1.9, and 7.7±2.2 min, respectively. The difference between the SP and E5 groups was significant (P〈0.05). The recovery indices (time from 25% to 75% recovery of T1) of 3.0±1.3 and 1.7±0.9 min for the E5 and E25 groups, respectively, were shorter than those of the SP group at 6.1±2.0 min (P〈0.05). Conclusions: Two theoretical reasons, the very rapid onset time and the fact that it does not inhibit plasma cholinesterase, suggest edrophonium to be the preferred antagonist of a mivacurium-induced blockade. These two characteristics are reflected in our results: only edrophonium was able to shorten the recovery index significantly and, administered at a profound level of mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block, only edrophonium was successful in shortening recovery time significantly. Therefore, edrophonium should be the anticholinesterase of choice to antagonise a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Antagonisierung von Mivacurium wird erstens wegen seiner kurzen Spontanerholungszeit und zweitens wegen möglicher Hemmung dessen Metabolisierung durch Plasmacholinesterasehemmer kontrovers beurteilt. Methode: In einer klinischen Studie untersuchten wir bei 48 ASA I bzw. II Patienten die Antagonisierung einer tiefen und oberflächlichen Mivacuriumblockade mit Neostigmin und Edrophonium. Nach einer Bolusinjektion von 0,2 mg/kg Mivacurium und nachdem sich T1, die erste der vier Muskelantworten nach TOF Stimulation, auf 5% des Ausgangswerts, erholt hatte, erhielten die Gruppen N5 (n=9) und E5 (n=10) 0,04 mg/kg Neostigmin bzw. 1,0 mg/kg Edrophonium. Die Gruppen N25 (n=10) und E25 (n=9) erhielten die gleichen Dosierungen Neostigmin und Edrophonium bei T1=25%. Bei 10 Patienten (Gruppe SP) ließ man die neuromuskuläre Erholung spontan erfolgen. Die neuromuskuläre Transmission wurde mittels Train-of-four-Stimulation des N. ulnaris und Messung der isometrischen Adduktionskraft des Daumens monitiert. Ergebnisse: Neostigmin und Edrophonium, bei T1=25% verabreicht, verkürzten die Erholungszeit (Zeit von T1=25% bis zu einem T4/T1-Verhältnis von 0,7) signifikant von 10,7±2,2 (MW±SD) min in der SP-Gruppe auf 5,1±2,0 min in der N25-Gruppe und auf 5,3±1,5 min in der E25-Gruppe. Die entsprechenden Erholungszeiten (Zeitintervalle von T1=5% bis zu einem T4/T1-Verhältnis von 0,7) in den SP, N5 und E5 Gruppen betrugen 15,9±2,9, 10,0±1,9 und 7,7±2,2 min, wobei lediglich zwischen der SP- und der E5-Gruppe ein signifikanter Unterschied bestand (p〈0,05). Der Erholungsindex (Zeit der T1-Erholung von 25% auf 75%) betrug 3,0±1,3 und 1,7±0,9 min in der E5- und E25-Gruppe und war signifikant kürzer als in der SP-Gruppe, 6,1±2,0 min (p〈0,05). Schlußfolgerung: Da nur Edrophonium in der Lage war, die Erholungsindizes zu verkürzen, und nur Edrophonium die Erholungszeit aus einem tiefen Block heraus verkürzen konnte, sollte es dem Neostigmin zur Antagonisierung einer Mivacuriumblockade vorgezogen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 48 (1999), S. 769-770 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Spinalanästhesie ; Periduralanästhesie ; Heparin ; Niedermolekulare Heparine ; Hämatom ; Key words Spinal/epidural anaesthesia ; Heparin ; Spinal/intracranial bleeding ; Haematoma ; Low-molecular-weight heparin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Spinal or intracranial haematoma is a rare but severe complication of spinal/epidural anaesthesia with an incidence of less than 1:100000. Coagulation defects, traumatic puncture, and anticoagulant drugs are assumed to be risk factors for the development of this kind of haematoma. Whether the risk of bleeding after spinal/epidural anaesthesia is increased by the administration of low-dose heparin (unfractionated or fractionated) for thromboprophylaxis is currently under discussion. Methods and results. A randomised, prospective trial answering this question is not feasible because of the rarity of the complication. As an alternative, we identified all case reports described in the literature to date and analysed them for possible risk factors. In conjunction with spinal/epidural anaesthesia, we found 4 cases of spinal and 2 cases of intracranial haematoma following treatment with unfractionated heparin and 6 cases of spinal haematoma following treatment with different low-molecular-weight (LMW) heparins. In none of these cases could thromboprophylaxis with heparin be identified as the only risk factor for bleeding: in 11 of the 12 cases a difficult or traumatic puncture was described. Eleven patients showed three or more possible risk factors, e.g., coagulation defects, concomitant therapy with other anticoagulant drugs, or anatomic abnormalities. Conclusion. We suggest that the development of spinal or intracranial haematoma after spinal/epidural anaesthesia is a multifactorial event. An influence of low-dose heparin prophylaxis as a cofactor cannot wholly be excluded because of the difficulty of studying the problem in a prospective way. The few case reports have to be seen in the context of millions of patients who have received either unfractionated or LMW heparin and lumbar or thoracic regional anaesthesia without any complication. We conclude that low-dose heparin prophylaxis (fractionated or unfractionated) is not a definite contraindication to spinal/epidural anaesthesia. High-risk (ASA III/IV) patients in particular benefit from effective postoperative analgesia achieved by local anaesthetics in combination with effective heparin thromboprophylaxis. Nevertheless, the absolute contraindications for regional anaesthesia must be respected and an individual risk/benefit analysis should be performed for every patient. An adequate time interval between application of heparin and regional anaesthesia or removal of a spinal/epidural catheter, atraumatic puncture technique, and careful neurologic monitoring during the post-operative period can minimise the risk of complications.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Rückenmarknahe oder intrakranielle Hämatome sind sehr seltene Komplikationen einer rückenmarknahen Anaesthesie. Derzeit wird eine lebhafte Diskussion darüber geführt, ob das Risiko solcher Blutungen durch die Thromboseprophylaxe mit niedrigdosiertem Heparin erhöht wird. Da aufgrund geringer Inzidenz eine aussagekräftige prospektive Studie nicht durchführbar ist, werden in dieser Arbeit alle entsprechenden Fallberichte in der Literatur näher analysiert. Insgesamt finden sich 4 rückenmarknahe und 2 intrakranielle Hämatome unter Thromboseprophylaxe mit unfraktioniertem Heparin sowie 6 rückenmarknahe Hämatome unter Thromboseprophylaxe mit verschiedenen niedermolekularen Heparinen. In keinem der Fälle kommt die Thromboseprophylaxe als alleinige Ursache der Hämatomentstehung in Betracht: Bei 11 von 12 Patienten werden schwierige Punktionsverhältnisse angegeben. In 11 Fällen liegen drei oder mehr Risikofaktoren vor, darunter Gerinnungsstörungen, gleichzeitige Gabe anderer gerinnungshemmender Medikamente und anatomische Besonderheiten. Blutungen nach rückenmarknaher Anaesthesie sind demnach als multifaktorielles Geschehen anzusehen. Da die wenigen Fallberichte jeweils einem Kollektiv von mehreren Millionen Patienten ohne Komplikationen entstammen, erscheint die Anwendung sowohl des unfraktionierten als auch der niedermolekularen Heparine in Kombination mit einer rückenmarknahen Anaesthesie nicht kontraindiziert. Für jeden Patienten sollte jedoch eine individuelle Nutzen/Risiko-Einschätzung erfolgen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 61 (1983), S. 703-708 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Liver cirrhosis ; Thrombocytopenia ; DIC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Besides decreased platelet production and an increased platelet sequestration in the spleen chronic DIC is thought to cause thrombocytopenia in chronic liver diseases. To investigate if this mechanism could play a role in patients with severe, but stable hepatic cirrhosis, we studied 32 pts. Twenty-eight of them had portal hypertension, 22 had bleeding episodes from oesophageal varices. To evaluate platelet activity, thrombin generation and fibrinolytic activity in vivo, plasma and platelet levels ofβ-thromboglobulin (β-TG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) as well as fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and the fibrinogen degradation product FCB-3, generated by the action of plasmin, were determined radioimmunologically. Plasma levels and platelet content of serotonin (5-HT) were measured fluorometrically. The mean platelet count/µl was reduced in pts. (109.000±67.000) compared to a control group (n=25, 264,000±52,000,p〈0.001). Factor VII (45±20%), prothrombin time (63±16%) AT-III activity (65±19%) and AT-III concentration (67±23%) were decreased in the pts'. group (p〈0.01). In contrast, plasma levels ofβ-TG (17±7 ng/ml) and of PF4 (4±2 ng/ml) as well as platelet content (µg/109 platelets) ofβ-TG (59±18), PF4 (21±6) and 5-HT (400±210) were found to be in the normal range. Neither mean FPA plasma concentration (3±2 ng/ml) nor mean FCB-3 scrum level (11±5 pmol/ml) differed significantly from controls. Our results demonstrate that pts. with thrombocytopenia and stable hepatic cirrhosis do not have evidence of chronic DIC, primary fibrinolysis or increased platelet activity in vivo. However, our results are compatible with increased platelet sequestration in the spleen and/or decreased platelet survival due to faster extravascular platelet clearance, or decreased platelet production within the bone marrow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 61 (1983), S. 151-155 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Acute hemolytic streptococcal gangrene ; Streptococcus A ; Penicillin G ; Cefotaxim
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of acute hemolytic streptococcal gangrene is presented. Typical signs of this disease are local pain, erythema, edema, formation of blisters, and gangrene. Malaise and fever are more unspecific. The special clinical feature of this postpartum case is discussed and compared with the literature. The therapy comprised extended incision of the vulva, application of antimicrobial agents, and exchange transfusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hemostasis ; Platelet aggregation ; Thromboxane ; Diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Coagulation parameters, platelet aggregation, and thromboxane production as well as metabolic parameters were measured in 31 diabetic patients, 12 without and 19 with clinically manifest late complications, and in 14 healthy control subjects. Spontaneous in vitro aggregation as well as ADP, collagen, and arachidonic acid induced aggregation were higher in both groups of diabetic patients, without an increase in thromboxane B2 production. In diabetic patients with late complications an increase in fibrinogen, fibrinogen cyanogen bromide peptide, factor VIII related antigen, C1-esterase inhibitor, and antithrombin III was observed in comparison to healthy subjects. Fibrinogen, C1-esterase inhibitor, and factor VIII related antigen were already elevated in diabetic patients without clinically manifest late vascular complications. No strict correlations were found between serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and glycosylated albumin, on the one hand, and coagulation promoting or inhibiting factors, aggregation or thromboxane B2 production, on the other, in either control or diabetic subjects. Also no correlations existed between the coagulation parameters and the aggregation results. In vitro incubation of pooled normal plasma with different glucose concentrations had no influence on the methods by which the coagulation parameters were measured. These data indicate that rather early in the diabetic state many changes take place in different phase of the thrombostatic process, all resulting in an increased hemostatic diathesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Most in situ gas-exchange measurements in aquatic organisms are still performed in closed systems (“bottle method”, “bell-jar experiments”). The disadvantages of these methods are that insufficient water movement (turbulence) or relatively long-lasting exposure periods result in under- or oversaturation phenomenas. To avoid these disadvantages as far as possible, an open, continuously recording flow-through system, employing O2-electrodes, was devised and tested. Examples are provided of O2-exchange recording in Fucus vesiculosus from the Baltic Sea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 37 (1976), S. 215-222 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of light intensity on rate of photosynthesis was measured at irregular intervals over a 12-month period for 22 benthic marine algae in the western Baltic Sea. In most species photosynthesis (mg O2·g dry weight-1·h-1) was highest in spring and summer, corresponding to the seasonal growth pattern of the algae. In winter all the species showed adaptation of the light compensation point. Highest productivity was shown by algae which are: short-lived annual species rather than perennials, eulittoral rather than sublittoral, and which possess sheet-like or filamentous thalli rather than coarsely branched forms. These factors are clearly inter-related.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 26 (1974), S. 365-367 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the phytobenthos, exchange of matter is essentially controlled by turbulent water movement. On the other hand, the phytobenthos itself alters properties of the hydrodynamic boundary layer. This paper describes experiments performed and results obtained on water movement in the substrate. Using a special hot-wire microprobe and a computer-compatible measuring device, a preliminary experimental tank model has been set up. The model species is the alga Scytosiphon lomentaria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 10 (1971), S. 70-76 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Notwithstanding the great importance of the salinity factor in the marine environment, the knowledge of influence of salinity on growth of marine benthic algae is very limited. Rate of growth (mg, cm2) and O2 output of the intertidal red algaPorphyra umbilicalis from Helgoland, North Sea, were measured during a 3 week culture in 3 different salinities (1/2-, 1- and 2-concentrated artificial sea water; Table 1). Under hypertonic conditions (2-concentrated sea water) growth rate and photosynthesis rate were depressed, compared to values obtained in normal concentrated sea water. Under hypotonic conditions (1/2-concentrated sea water), growth expressed in mg was the same as in normal concentrated sea water, or higher when expressed in cm3. Rate of O2 output was almost unaltered in one of the two experiments, lowered in the other. Cell size increased at higher salinity, while swelling of cell walls and intercellular substances as well as the intensity of colouring decreased with salinity. The discrepancies between growth and photosynthesis under hypotonic conditions cannot be completely explained by the observed influences of salinity on morphological structures (cell size, swelling of cell substances). Detailed studies on the time course of photosynthesis and respiration rates, and preparation of a metabolic balance for the algae are necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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