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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    International Union of Crystallography Commission on Electron Diffraction. Guide for the publication of experimental gas-phase electron diffraction data and derived structural results in the primary literature (1976)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 32 (1976), S. 1013-1018 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This report contains general recommendations for the guidance of authors, referees, and editors on the reporting of electron diffraction data and derived structures. They are intended to facilitate reliable evaluation, ease of comparison with other data, and the retrieval of information if later reanalysis becomes desirable in the light of new theories or experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739476002106
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aqueous aluminium chemistry response to episodic increases in discharge (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 323 (1986), S. 324-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Birkenes, a 0.4-km2 forested catchment with shallow podsolic soils on granitic bedrock, is situated 30 km north of Kristiansand, in an area with atmospheric loading of nearly 7 g SO^" m~2 yr"1 (réf. 7). The catchment is drained by three small second-order streams which combine to form a third-order ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/323324a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aluminium speciation: comparison of two spectrophotometric analytical methods and observed concentrations in some acidic aquatic systems in Southern Norway (1984)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 23 (1984), S. 81-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The toxicity of A1 to aquatic biota varies with speciation. Driscoll (1980) has developed a scheme for determining three A1 fractions using the ferron method (Smith, 1971) to detect Al. We have compared the results obtained with Driscoll's method with those obtained when pyrocatechol violet is the complexing agent. The agreement is generally satisfactory. The latter method is more sensitive and less influenced by interferences. Results for water samples, mainly from two streams in southern Norway, are discussed. For most samples the labile monomeric Al-fraction dominates, the major species being either A13+ or AIF2+. Possible equilibria between A13+ and some minerals and the temperature changes in these equilibria, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185133
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between fish populations and pH for lakes in Southermost Norway (1984)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 23 (1984), S. 97-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Fish status in terms of ‘good, ‘sparse’, ‘lost’, ‘never had fish’, has previously been reported for several thousands of lakes in southermost Norway. In more than a thousand of these lakes pH and conductivity have also been measured. These data have been used to establish a relationship between pH and fish status (brown trout). It is estimated that a uniform pH increase of 0.2 units will result in status changes from category ‘lost’ to ‘sparse’ in 12% of the lakes (27% of the lakes which have lost the fish population). Altogether 21 % of the lakes are predicted to change to a better category. We have used a fixed pH shift in order to make the approach applicable. This is a rather drastic simplification since the lakes will respond very differently to a reduction in S deposition depending on the original acidity and a number of other factors. The limitations of the approach and an alternative method used by Chester (1982) are discussed in detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185134
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predicted changes in streamwater chemistry following reduced/increased sulphur deposition using the “Birkenes model” (1986)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 31 (1986), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A sensitivity analysis of some important parameters in a mathematical model previously found to reproduce major short-term variations in water chemistry in some streams, has been carried out. The results are also relevant in a discussion of possible changes in stream acidity for changes in S deposition. In the simulations sulphate concentrations in streamwater were doubled or halved compared to present day values. Assuming no change in the lime potential of the soil, the peak acidity during snowmelt changed with up to 0.9 pH units; shifts from 0.4 to 0.5 units occurred in many cases. By simultaneously changing the sulphate stream concentration and the lime potential with 0.2 units shifts of about 1 pH unit were obtained in the simulations for some acidity peaks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00630839
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of hydrochemistry in a highland scottish catchment using the birkenes model (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 51 (1990), S. 239-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An important indicator of the quality of hydrochemical simulation models is their ability to be used in a wide range of catchment types. The Birkenes Model, built primarily upon data from a small basin in southern Norway, was used to simulate a highland Scottish catchment with physical and chemical characteristics very different from those at Birkenes. The hydrological and chemical signals were simulated and compared to observations and results from earlier Birkenes simulations. The results indicate that the basic chemical processes are qualitatively represented in the current model and that it is possible to simulate hydrochemical observations for varying catchment types. The broad trends in stream concentrations for all the major anions and cations are reproduced. Although short-term variations are not simulated equally well, the results strengthen confidence in the predictions of the Birkenes Model even though the model is a highly simplified description of a complicated system. The modeling procedure is described offering other researchers a method for adapting an acid precipitation model to their own catchment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00158222
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methodology of studies on chemical processes in water runoff from rock and shallow soil cover using radioactive tracers (1979)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 11 (1979), S. 179-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Studies of flow patterns and chemical processes in water runoff from small plots (natural ‘fields’ with an area of about 5 m2) have been carried out. Simulated rain containing radioactive tracers, i.e. T (as HTO), Ca (45Ca2+), S (35SO 4 2− ), and Br (80Br−) was distributed with an intensity of about 10 mm h−1. Calcium ions are strongly adsorbed by soil or taken up by vegetation in most cases; even on rocks covered only by sparse lichens the adsorption is considerable. The total Ca concentration in the runoff is nevertheless often higher than in the artificial precipitation. Sulphate ions follow T rather closely. However, the ratio of 35SO4 2− to T concentrations in the runoff may differ somewhat from the value in the precipitation. Ratios above one are found in the experiment on `barren' rock and during the first stage of the other experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286629
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of flow patterns and ion-exchange in soil percolation experiments (1980)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 14 (1980), S. 159-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An increased understanding of ion-exchange processes in raw-humus was obtained by simulations using quantitative mathematical models. The work is based on a series of percolation experiments with a water flow of about 1 mm min−1 through raw-humus samples of 4 cm thickness. For the input solutions consisting of 10−3 N H2SO4, HNO3, HCl and NaCl the results indicate that cation-exchange reactions are the most important processes for the chemical composition of the run-off. Since a large part of the water flows quickly through the soil, both the water residence time and the ion-exchange kinetics must be taken into account. As a basis for the chemical model, a hydrologic sub-model reproducing the residence time distribution of the flow in the soil is used. Considering the ions H+, M+ (monovalent metal ions) and M2+ (divalent metal ions), four different chemical models were tried but only one of them gave satisfactory agreement with the experimental results. This model has 5 independent parameters and consists of first and second order chemical processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00291833
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Project rain: Changing acid deposition to whole catchments. The first year of treatment (1986)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 30 (1986), S. 47-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Project Rain (Reversing Acidification In Norway) is a 5-yr international research project aimed at investigating the effect on water and soil chemistry of changing acid deposition to whole catchments. The project comprises 2 parallel large-scale experimental manipulations -- artificial acidification at Sogndal and exclusion of acid rain at Risdalsheia. Treatment at Sogndal commenced April 1984 with the acidification of the snowpack by addition of H2SO4 (SOG2) and a 1:1 mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 (SOG4). Preliminary results indicate rapid and significant response in runoff chemistry to the acid treatment; pH decreased (to as low as 4.1 during snowmelt in 1984); SO4, NO3, and labile Al increased. Response during snowmelt 1985 was modest relative to 1984. At Risdalsheia treatment began in June 1984 with the mounting of the transparent panels on the roofs at KIM catchment (treatment by deacidified rain) and EGIL catchment (control with ambient acid rain). Preliminary data for the first year indicate that most runoff samples from KIM contain much lower NO3 concentrations, about 20 to 30% lower SO4 levels and pH 0.1 to 0.3 units higher than runoff from EGIL catchment. The treatments continue in 1985–87. Project RAIN provides experimental evidence bearing on target loading, reversibility of acidification, and the processes linking acid deposition, soil acidification and freshwater acidification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305175
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling hydrology and sulphate concentration in small catchments in Central Ontario (1986)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 31 (1986), S. 45-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Birkenes-Storgama model of hydrology and streamwater chemistry which was modified by Seipet al. (1985) to simulate data for the Harp Lake #4 sub-catchment was applied to the Harp Lake #3, #4, and #6 sub-catchments for the 1980 to 1984 period. The model was roughly calibrated using a readily available optimization procedure on a relatively limited suite of model parameters. The calibration period was much shorter (8 mo for the hydrology sub-model and 12 mo for the sulphate sub-model) and the confirmation period longer (about 3 yr) than used previously. A statistical assessment indicates that the hydrology sub-model performs with good reliability over the confirmation period, and the sulphate sub-model performs fairly well. The need for modification to the sulphate sub-model may be indicated. An important result is that the Birkenes-Storgama model can be applied at new temporal and spatial locations without extensive calibration, and produce useful simulations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00630818
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