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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GABAergic cells in the dentate gyrus appear to be local circuit and projection neurons (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 50 (1983), S. 173-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Dentate gyrus ; Hilus ; Commissural pathway ; GABAergic inhibition ; Basket cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical results indicate that GAD-positive neurons are found in the molecular and granule cell layers of the dentate gyrus as well as in the hilar region. GAD-positive cells in the molecular and granule cell layers are identified as various types of local circuit neurons. Most of the GAD-positive puncta found throughout the molecular layer and within the granule cell layer are interpreted as axon terminals of these neurons, including five types of basket cells. This interpretation is based on data that indicate the axons of basket cells form synapses with the somata and proximal dendrites of granule cells. The results in the hilus show that 60% of the hilar neurons are GAD-positive. Since previous studies have indicated that 80% of hilar neurons give rise to both associational and commissural pathways, many GABAergic neurons in the hilus are probably projection neurons. This finding is consistent with recent physiological data which suggest that commissural pathway stimulation directly inhibits granule cells. Therefore, GABAergic cells in the dentate gyrus appear to be both projection and local circuit neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239181
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local circuit neurons in both the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn establish synaptic connections with principal neurons in five day old rats: a morphological basis for inhibition in early development (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inhibition ; Hippocampal formation ; Development ; GABAergic neurons ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-positive and Golgi impregnated local circuit neurons of the hippocampal formation of five day old rats were examined in light and electron microscopic preparations. The ultrastructural features of these neurons were similar in both the dentate gyrus and CA1 area of Ammon's horn. Somata displayed a perikaryal cytoplasm rich in organelles but lacked organized Nissl bodies. Most nuclei showed intranuclear infoldings of varying degrees but no intranuclear sheets or rods were found. Somata and dendrites were contacted by relatively immature axon terminals that formed mainly symmetric synapses. The axons of local circuit neurons in both the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn formed symmetric synapses with somata and dendrites of the principal neurons in these regions. Thus, both GAD-positive and Golgi-impregnated terminals of local circuit neurons were observed to form synapses with pyramidal and granule cells. These terminals were usually small and contained relatively few pleomorphic synaptic vesicles. The results show that a circuitry for inhibition is established in the 5 day old dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn, even though the local circuit neurons lack some of the typical adult ultrastructural features at this age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230680
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The synaptic connections of basket cell axons in the developing rat hippocampal formation (1990)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 81 (1990), S. 500-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Dentate gyrus ; Ammon's horn ; Synapses ; Golgi-gold labeled terminals ; Light and electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent studies have indicated that hippocampal basket cells in both the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn develop their somal and dendritic features during the first two postnatal weeks in rats. Their axon terminals form exclusively symmetric synapses that are found as early as 5 postnatal days in both regions. The present study used Golgi-electron microscopic material from 10 and 16 day old rats to demonstrate that the axon terminals of basket cells form synapses not only with somata, dendrites, and dendritic spines as reported for adult material but also with axon initial segments. However, the terminals forming synapses with axon initial segments and dendritic spines represent only a minor portion of the total number of basket cell terminals. Quantitative results indicate that 36–62% of the total number of these terminals form axosomatic synapses and 32–50% form axodendritic synapses depending on the analyzed cell. These data indicate that hippocampal basket cells have an axonal distribution similar to that found for cortical basket cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02423498
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Muscle carnitine acetyltransferase and carnitine deficiency in a case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of inherited metabolic disease 22 (1999), S. 827-838 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2665
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Profound decrease of the carnitine acetyltransferase activity (0.08 U/g wet weight; 1.67% of control) and carnitine deficiency (total carnitine was 230 nmol/g wet weight in the patient vs 2730 in the controls) was detected in the skeletal muscle of a female paediatric patient. She died of her illness, which included cerebellar symptoms and slight muscle spasticity affecting mainly the lower extremities, at 1 year of age. Histological examination of the autopsy specimens revealed a selective Purkinje cell degeneration in the cerebellum: the cells had abnormal position, were shrunken and decreased in number, and displayed abnormal dendritic trees and fragmented, disorganized axons. Electron microscopy revealed mitochondrial abnormalities in skeletal and cardiac muscle and also in the Purkinje cells. Deletions of the mitochondrial DNA were detected in the muscle in heteroplasmic form (up to 7%). Mainly the ND4-ND4L region was affected, as evidenced by the PCR; however, other regions of the mitochondrial genome also showed deletions of varying size and extent, suggesting multiple deletions of the mitochondrial DNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005562209034
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basket cells in the monkey fascia dentata: A Golgi/electron microscopic study (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 20 (1991), S. 915-928 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study describes non-granule cells in the fascia dentata of rhesus monkeys and baboons. Their cell bodies are located in the molecular layer and at the hilar border of the granular layer. They are called basket cells since their axons give rise to collaterals that branch in the close vicinity of the parent cell body and form symmetric synapses with dendrites and cell bodies of granule cells. These neurons are further classified with regard to the shape and location of their cell bodies and the orientation of their dendrites. Basket cells in the molecular layer are mainly bipolar with dendrites oriented perpendicular to the granular layer. These dendrites are densely innervated by presynaptic boutons forming asymmetric synapses. We have rarely observed molecular layer basket cells with dendrites traversing the granular layer and invading the hilus. We thus conclude that these cells are mainly activated by extrinsic afferents terminating in the molecular layer. Basket cells at the hilar border display pyramidal, fusiform or multipolar cell bodies that give rise to apical dendrites traversing the molecular layer and basal dendrites invading the hilar region. Large boutons establish asymmetric synapses with identified basal dendrites of these neurons. The dendrites of all types of basket cell are smooth, i.e. they had few or no spines. Many of them display varicosities. Cell counts in Cresyl Violet-stained sections revealed a ratio of basket cells to granule cells of 1:500. Essentially, the types of basket cell in the monkey fascia dentata are similar to those described previously for the rat. This contrasts sharply to our recent findings for pyramidal neurons and granule cells of the monkey hippocampus which showed an increased complexity and variability when compared with rodents. These data do not support the hypothesis that only local circuit neurons evolve in phylogeny.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190469
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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