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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular medicine 22 (1998), S. 1061-1064 
    ISSN: 1076-1551
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The mechanical effect of balloon distension of the duodenum on the stomach was studied in 10 mongrel dogs with a mean weight of 14.8 ± 3.2 kg. The response of the pyloric sphincter and antrum as well as of the corpus of the stomach to duodenal distension by a balloon filled with water in increments of 2 ml, up to 6 ml, was determined. The test was repeated after anesthetizing the pyloric sphincter and antrum and the duodenum, each at a separate time. In 5 of 10 dogs the effect of duodenal distension on the vagotomized stomach was studied. Duodenal distension with 2 ml of water produced an increase in the pyloric sphincter pressure ( p 〈 0.05) and a decrease in the antral pressure ( p 〈 0.05); it had no effect on corporeal pressure ( p 〉 0.05). Distension with 4 ml and 6 ml produced the same effect as 2 ml ( p 〉 0.05). The anesthetized pyloric sphincter and antrum did not respond to duodenal distension. Likewise, the pyloric sphincter and antrum showed no response to distension of the anesthetized duodenum or of the duodenum after vagotomy. Pyloric sphincter contraction and antral dilatation upon duodenal distension suggest a reflex relation we call the duodenopyloric reflex. This reflex appears to prevent duodenopyloric reflux. Moreover, the antrum dilates probably to accommodate more gastric contents.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of urology 5 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1442-2042
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: The effect of vesical filling and voiding on bladder pressure, the ureterovesical junctions (UVJs), and the internal urethral meatus (IUM) was studied.Methods: A pressure catheter was introduced into each of the UVJs, the IUM, and the urinary bladder of 16 healthy volunteers (9 men, 7 women; mean age, 38.4 years) and their pressure response to vesical fill ing in increments of 50 mL and during voiding as well as on IUM distension was recorded. The tests were repeated after separately anesthetizing the bladder, UVJs, and IUM.Results: When the bladder was filled to 250 mL, there was a significant increase (P〈 0.01) in the pressure of the UVJs, IUM, and bladder, which continued to rise with bladder filling up to 350 mL (P〈 0.001). There was no further pressure increase above 350 mL. During voiding, the bladder and UVJs pressures rose (P〈 0.0001) while the IUM pressure dropped (P〈0.01). IUM distension caused a significant pressure rise in the bladder and UVJs and a drop of IUM pressure. These pressure responses did not occur upon separate anesthetization of the bladder, UVJs, or IUM.Conclusions: A reflex relationship appears to exist between vesical fill ing and an increase in UVJs and IUM pressure which was absent on anesthetizing the presumed 2 arms of the reflex arc, the filling reflex. Another reflex relationship may exist between IUM dilatation and the bladder and UVJs pressure increase, the meato-vesico-ureteral reflex. These 2 reflexes might help further delineate the mechanism of micturition.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of urology 11 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1442-2042
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objectives: The effect of vesical contraction on the non-sphincteric part of the urethra has been scarcely addressed in the literature. In this study, the hypothesis that detrusor contraction effects dilatation of the non-sphincteric part of the urethra was investigated.Methods: Non-sphincteric urethral pressure response to vesical balloon distension with normal saline in increments of 50 mL was recorded in 21 healthy volunteers (mean age 40.7 ± 10.3 years, 13 men) before and after individual anesthetization of the urethra and urinary bladder. Vesical distension was effected by a 10F balloon-ended catheter introduced into bladder per urethram. Urethral and vesical pressures were measured by means of a two-channel microtip catheter.Results: Small-volume vesical distension effected no significant urethral or vesical pressure changes while distension with 350 and 400 mL of saline produced vesical pressure elevation (P 〈 0.01) and urethral pressure decrease (P 〈 0.01). Vesical distension after individual vesical and urethral anesthetization effected no change in the urethral pressure. These results were reproducible.Conclusions: Dilatation of the non-sphincteric part of the urethra upon vesical contraction is suggested to be mediated through a ‘vesicourethral inhibitory reflex’ and to facilitate passage of urine through the urethra. The reflex may prove to be of diagnostic significance in micturition disorders.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 10 (1995), S. 478-480 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Hirschsprung's disease ; Megacolon ; Rectum ; Aganglionosis ; Electrorectogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The electrorectographic pattern of Hirschsprung's disease (HD) was studied in 14 HD patients with a mean age of 4.6 ± 1.5 years; 7 healthy children acted as controls. Monpolar recordings were made from a silver-silver chloride electrode situated 1 cm from the tip of a 4 F catheter attached to the rectal mucosa by suction. At least four 120-min recording sessions were performed for each subject. No complications were encountered. Regular and reproducible triphasic pacesetter potentials (PP) were recorded from all healthy children, followed randomly by bursts of action potentials (AP). No PP or AP were recorded from patients with HD; the “silent” electrorectogram (ERG) was reproducible. Since numerous difficulties in histopathologic interpretation affect the reliability of rectal biopsy for the diagnosis of HD, the ERG may play a role in this respect. The ERG is noninvasive and nonradiologic; however, until this investigati tool is substantiated by the work of other investigators, a histologic diagnosis needs to be made before undertaking a pull-through procedure.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of urology 17 (1999), S. 266-273 
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Keywords: Key words Micturition ; Urination ; Incontinence ; Stress urinary incontinence ; Prolapse ; Levatorplasty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The anatomy of the levator ani muscle was studied in relation to the urinary bladder. The study was performed on 23 cadavers by dissection and microscopic examination. The levator ani is funnel-shaped and consists of a transverse portion called the levator plate and a vertical portion called the suspensory sling. The levator plate is a cone and consists of two “lateral masses” and two “crura,” with the levator hiatus occupying its anterior part. Three crural patterns could be identified: classic, crural overlap, and crural scissors. The levator crura are connected to the intrahiatal organs by the hiatal ligament; the pubovesical ligament constitutes the anterior part of this ligament. The suspensory sling forms a vertical cuff around the intrahiatal organs, from which it is separated by a “tunnel septum.” Its urethral portion ends in multiple fibrous septa, which penetrate the striated urethral sphincter. The levator ani plays an important role in bladder-neck fixation provided by the suspensory sling and hiatal ligament. Levator ani and hiatal ligament subluxation leads to ptosis of the urinary bladder. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates that the urethra is located in the infralevator compartment and is thus protected from the effect of intraabdominal pressure. A chronic increase in intraabdominal pressure leads to levator subluxation and sagging and to urethral exposure to intraabdominal pressure, which seems to interfere with the micturition mechanism. The infralevator location of the urethra might have a bearing on the pathogenesis and treatment of stress urinary incontinence.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of surgery 17 (1993), S. 675-679 
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'activité électrique du rectum ou l'électrorectogramme (ERG) a été étudiée chez 18 patients ayant une proctite chronique: 11 avaient une proctite ulcérée et 7 avaient une proctite bilharzienne. L'âge moyen des patients était de 36.6 ± 9.4 ans. Les résultats ont été comparés à ceux de 8 patients témoins. L'enregistrement monopolaire a été réalisé au moyen d'électrodes d'argent/chloride d'argent situées à 1 cm de l'extrémité de la sonde appliquée sur la muqueuse rectale. Les signaux de l'électrode étaient visibles sur un enrégistrement U-V. L'activité mesurée concernait l'ampoule et le bas rectum, enregristrées simultanément. Les potentiels “pacesetter” (PP) ont été enregistrés pour tous les sujets. Les témoins avaient une fréquence de 2.6 ± 0.6 cycles/min, une amplitude de 2.4 ± 0.5 mV et une vitesse de conduction de 4.3 ± 0.5 cm/sec. Les données concernant la fréquence et le rythme ont été les mêmes lorsque les mesures ont été répétées, suivies de pontentiels d'action (PA) par groupes. La pression rectale augmentait simultanément avec les PA. Chez les patients ayant une proctite, la fréquence PP était plus élevée (moyen=8.2 ± 1.6 cycles/min chez les bilharziens et de 8.8 ± 2.1 cycles/min chez les patients ayant une proctite ulcérée (p〈0.001), alors que l'amplitude et la vitesse étaient plus basses (p〈0.05 et p〈 0.01, respectivement). Les valeurs de PA étaient plus élevées en fréquence et en amplitude, et étaient associées à une pression rectale augmentée par rapport aux témoins. L'augmentation de la PP ou la tachyrectie peut être en rapport avec une irritation de la paroi rectale ou du pacemaker rectosigmoïdien, alors que la dimunition de l'amplitude et de la vitesse étaient dues à des altérations de la paroi rectale. L'augmentation de la fréquence PA et de l'amplitude semblent provoquer une augmentation de la contraction rectale avec une sensation de ténesme. L'ERG est sûre, non-invasive, non-radiologique, et pourrait être utile pour le diagnostic de proctite.
    Abstract: Resumen La actividad eléctrica rectal, o electrorrectograma (ERG), fue estudiada en 18 pacientes con proctitis crónica: 11 proctitis ulcerativas y 7 proctitis bilárzicas. La edad promedio del grupo fue 36.6 ± 9.4 años; se incluyeron 8 voluntarios sanos como controles. Se realizaron registros monopolares a partir de un electrodo colocado a 1 cm de la punta del catéter, aplicada sobre la mucosa rectal, y sus señales fueron visualizadas en una grabadora U-V, para obtener registros simultáneos del recto a 2–3 cm y a 8–10 cm del orificio anal. Se registraron los potenciales “pacesetter” (PP) en todos los sujetos. Los voluntarios normales exhibieron una frecuencia de 2.6 ± 0.6 de ciclo/min (cpm), una amplitud de 2.4 ± 0.5 de mV y una velocidad de 4.3 ± 0.5 de cm/seg. Mostraron la misma frecuencia y ritmo regular en la repetición de la prueba, y fueron seguidos de salvas de potenciales de acción (PA). La presión rectal ascendió simultáneamente con los PA. En los pacientes con proctitis, la frecuencia de los PP fue mayor (media 8.2 ± 1.6 de cpm en la proctitis bilárzica y 8.9 ± 2.1 de cpm en la proctitis ulcerativa) (p〈0.001), en tanto que la amplitud y la velocidad aparecieron menores que lo normal (p 〈0.05 y P〈0.01 respectivamente). Los PA mostraron mayor frecuencia y amplitud y acompanaron de presión rectal más alta que en los voluntarios normales. La aumentada taquirectia PP puede ser debida a irritación de la pared rectal o del marcapasos del rectosigmoide por la proctitis, y las disminuidas amplitud y velocidad a la pared rectal enferma. Las incrementadas frecuencia y amplitud PA parecen causar un aumento en la actividad contráctil con tenesmo resultante. La ERG es un procedimiento seguro, no invasivo, que no implica radiología y puede probar util en el diagnóstico de las proctitis.
    Notes: Abstract Rectal electrical activity, measured by electrorectography (ERG), was studied in 18 patients with chronic proctitis (11 ulcerative and 7 bilharzial proctitis). Mean age was 36.6±9.4 (SD) years. Eight healthy volunteers were included as controls. Monopolar recordings were made from silver-silver chloride electrodes situated 1 cm from the tip of the catheter, which was applied to the rectal mucosa. Signals from the electrode were displayed on a U-V recorder. Rectal neck and rectal pressures were recorded simultaneously. Pacesetter potentials (PP) were also recorded from all subjects. The healthy volunteers had a mean frequency of 2.6±0.6 cycles per minute (cpm), an amplitude of 2.4±0.5 mV, and a velocity of 4.3 ± 0.5 cm/sec. The potentials had the same frequency and regular rhythm when the test was repeated and were followed randomly by bursts of action potentials (AP). The rectal pressure increased simultaneously with the AP. In the proctitis patients the PP frequency was higher than normal (mean 8.2 ±1.6 cpm in patients with bilharziasis and 8.9 ± 2.1 cpm in those with ulcerative proctitis) (p〈0.001), whereas the amplitude and velocity were lower than normal (p〈0.05 andp〈0.01, respectively). APs had higher frequency and amplitude and were accompanied by higher rectal pressure than in the normal volunteers. The increased PP, or tachyrectia, may be due to rectal wall or rectosigmoid pacemaker irritation caused by proctitis, whereas the diminished amplitude and velocity may be caused by a diseased rectal wall. The increased AP frequency and amplitude seem to cause increased rectal contractile activity with a resulting tenesmus. ERG is safe, noninvasive, nonradiologic, and it may prove helpful for diagnosing proctitis.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of surgery 19 (1995), S. 772-775 
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé L'activité électrique du rectum, enregistrée par l'électrorectogramme (ERG) a été étudiée chez 22 sujets présentant une constipation chronique et chez 16 sujets volontaires sains. Ces derniers avaient un âge moyen de 42.6±8.5 ans, et comprenant 10 hommes et 6 femmes. Des 22 patients constipés, 14 avaient une constipation du type «inertie» (CI),(âge moyen 44.6±10.2 ans) et huit avaient une constipation du type «obstructive» (CO),(âge moyen 38.4±12.2 ans). L'activité électrique rectale a été enregistrée par une électrode argent/chlorure d'argent, située à 1 cm de l'extrémité d'un cathéter 6 F, appliqué sur la muquese rectale par aspiration. Au moins quatre séances d'enregistrement de 120 minutes chacune, ont été réalisées. Chez le sujet volontaire sain, les potentiels du pacemaker (PP), réguliers et reproductibles, ont été enregistrés avec une fréquence moyenne de 2.8±0.7 cycles/min (cpm), d'une amplitude moyenne de 2.1±0.8 mV et d'une vitesse moyenne de 4.6±0.8 cm/sec. Ces PP ont été suivis de façon inconstante de potentiels d'action (PA). Chez les patients ayant une CI, les PP étaient peu fréquents: leur fréquence moyenne était de 2.4±0.2 cycles/heure si bien qu'une séance d'enregistrement avait très peu de chance de les capter, leur amplitude moyene a été de 0.92±0.02 mV et leur vitesse de 4.1±0.6 cm/sec. Chez 10 patients, il n'y avait aucun PA et chez 2, les PA se produisaient occasionnellement. Chez les patients ayant une CO, les PP réguliers et reproductibles avaient une fréquence (p〈0.01) et une vitesse (p〈0.05), plus importantes que chez le sujet sain. On a identifié deux types de constipation chronique: la bradyrectie et la tachyrectie. Le premier a été enregistré en cas de constipation de type «inertie» et le deuxième en cas de constipation de type «obstructif». L'électorectographie est une technique qui permet d'enregistrer l'activité électromé-canique. Elle est non-invasive et non radiologique et pourraient être un outil important dans les investigations des désordres du détrusor rectal.
    Abstract: Resumen La actividad eléctrica rectal medida por electrorectograma (ERG) fue estudiada en 22 individuos con estreñimiento crónico y en 16 voluntarios normales. Estos últimos tenían edad promedio de 42.6±8.5 años, 10 eran hombres y 6 mujeres. De los 22 pacientes con estreñimiento, 14 tenían estreñimiento del tipo inercia (IC, edad media 44.6±10.2 años) y 8 estreñimiento del tipo obstructivo (OC, edad media 38.4±12.2 años). La actividad eléctrica rectal fue registrada mediante un electrodo situado a 1 cm de la punta de un catéter 6F que fue adherido a la mucosa rectal mediante succión. Se hicieron no menos de 4 sesiones de registro de 120 minutos cada una en cada individuo. En los voluntarios normales se registraron potenciales con una frecuencia media de 2.8±0.7 ciclos/min, amplitud de 2.1±0.8 mV y velocidad de 4.6±0.8 cm/segundo. Estos fenómenos fueron seguidos, al azar, por potenciales de acción (PA). En los pacientes con IC, los potenciales fueron tan infrecuentes que en la mayoría de los casos se observó que pasaba media hora sin registro alguno; la frecuencia media fue 2.4±0.2 ciclos/60 min, la amplitud 0.92 ±0.02 mV y la velocidad 4.1±0.6 cm/segundo. No se registraron PA en 10 pacientes en el curso de la sesión de registro; en 2 pacientes aparecieron en forma ocasional. En los OC, se registraron potenciales regulares y reproducibles con mayor frecuencia (P〈0.01) y velocidad (P〈0.05) que en los normales. Se identificaron dos patrones de ERG en el estreñimiento crónico: bradirrectia y taquirrectia. La primera modalidad fue registrada en los IC y la última en los OC. En conclusión, la electrorectografía es una técnica que permite registrar la actividad electromecánica rectal. Es un procedimiento no invasor y no radio-lógico y puede ser incluido como un instrumento de diagnóstico en las alteraciones de la evacuación rectal.
    Notes: Abstract The rectal electrical activity recorded by electrorectogram (ERG) was studied in 22 chronically constipated subjects and 16 healthy colunteers. The latter had a mean (±SD) age of 42.6±8.5 years; 10 were men and 6 women. Of the 22 constipated patients, 14 had inertia-type age 38.4±12.2 years. The rectal electrical activity was recorded by a silver-silver chloride electrode situated 1 cm from the tip of a 6 F catheter, which was applied to the rectal mucosa by suction. At least four recording sessions of 120 minutes each were performed for each individual. In normal volunteers, regular and reproducible pacesetter potentials (PPs) were recorded with a mean frequency of 2.8±0.8 cycles/min (cpm), amplitude 2.1±0.8 mV, and velocity 4.6±0.8 cm/sec. They were followed randomly by action potentials (APs). In IC patients the PPs were so infrequent that in most cases half an hour would have elapsed without recording a PP; the mean frequency was 2.4±0.2 cycle/60 min, amplitude 0.92±0.02 mV, and velocity 4.1±0.6 cm/sec. APs were not recorded in 10 patients during the recording time; in two patients they were occasional. In OC subjects regular and reproducible PPs were recorded with a higher frequency (p〈0.01) and velocity (p〈0.05) than normal. Two ERG patterns were identified in those with chronic constipation: bradyrectia and tachyrectia. The former was recorded in the IC subjects and the latter in OC subjects. It is concluded that ERG is a technique by which electromechanical activity is recorded. It is noninvasive and nonradiologic, and it can be included as an investigative tool for rectal detrusor disorders.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract For the study of the relationship of the pelviureteric system of one kidney to that of the contralateral one, bilateral cutaneous ureterostomy was performed in 14 dogs. The renal pelvis (RP) and ureter (U) of one side were distended separately with a balloon filled with saline in increments of 1 and 0.25 ml, respectively, and the pressure response of the contralateral RP and U was recorded. The test was repeated after anesthetization of the RP and U. RP distension with 1 ml of saline effected a pressure rise (P 〈 0.05) in the ipsilateral RP but no pressure response in the ipsilateral U or the contralateral RP or U (P 〉 0.05). RP distension with 2, 3, and 4 ml of saline induced a significant pressure rise in the ipsi- and contralateral RP but not in the ureters. Ureteric distension produced a pressure elevation (P 〈 0.05) on the ipsilateral U but had no effect on the contralateral U (P 〉 0.05) or on either of the renal pelves (P 〉 0.05). Distension of the anesthetized RP or U effected no pressure response in any of the ipsi- or contralateral RPs or Us. In conclusion, distension of the RP with large volumes led to an increase in pressure in the contralateral RP but not in the U. A reflex relationship is postulated to exist between the two renal pelves and to be mediated through a reflex we call the reno-renal pelvic reflex. It seems that this reflex acts to allow either of the kidneys to share an extra load of the other one by increasing the contractile activity of the RP, thus assumedly assisting the regulation of urine flow.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Key words Micturition  ;  Urination  ;  Urethra  ; Pressure  ;  Urinary bladder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Renal pelvic and ureteral distension occurs in physiologic (diuresis) and pathologic (calculus) conditions. Its effect on the vesical and posterior urethral pressures as well as on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the striated urethral sphincter (SUS) was investigated. The renal pelvis of 10 healthy volunteers (7␣men, 3 women; mean age 35.8 ± 8.6 years) was distended by means of a 4-F balloon-tipped catheter in␣increments of 2 ml of saline up to 10 ml and the response of the vesical and posterior urethral pressures and SUS EMG activity was recorded. The test was repeated with ureteral distension in increments of 0.25 ml up to 1 ml. The response of the aforementioned parameters was also registered after anesthetization of the renal pelvis, ureter and SUS. Two rates of renal pelvic and ureteral distension were tested: rapid (1 ml/s) and slow (1 ml/min). Renal pelvic distension with large volumes effected an increase of the renal pelvic and urethral pressures (P 〈 0.05, P 〈 0.05, respectively), a vesical pressure drop (P 〈 0.05) and increased EMG activity of the SUS. Ureteral distension caused a rise of ureteral and urethral pressures as well as of SUS EMG activity. With rapid distension, the aforementioned parameters responded at smaller volumes than with slow distension. Renal pelvic, ureteral or SUS anesthetization effected no urethral or SUS EMG response. It is suggested that the reaction of above parameters to distension indicates a mechanism regulating the urine flow so as to protect the renal pelvis and the ureter from being overloaded. The vesical pressure drop with increased SUS EMG activity on renal pelvis distension postulates a reflex relationship that we call the “reno-vesico-sphincteric reflex”. The role of this reflex in urine transport requires further study.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Urological research 21 (1993), S. 367-370 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Fertility ; Infertility ; Spermatogenesis ; Sterility ; Testicle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of different types of textile fabric on spermatogenesis was studied. Twenty-four dogs were divided into two equal groups, one of which wore cotton underpants and the other polyester ones. Seven dogs wearing nothing were used as controls. The underwear was fashioned to fit loosely in the scrotal area so as to avoid its insulating effect. It was worn continuously for 24 months during which the semen character, testicular temperature, hormones (serum testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin) and testicular biopsy were examined. The garment was then removed, and the same investigations repeated through another 12 months. The results were analysed statistically. In the polyester group the testicular temperature showed insignificant changes during the period when the pants were worn (P〉0.05). By the end of the 24 months there was a significant decrease in sperm count and motile sperms, with an increase in abnormal forms (P〈0.001); the testicular biopsy showed degenerative changes. After garment removal the semen character improved gradually to normal in 10 dogs; two remained oligozoospermic. There were insignificant changes (P〉0.05) in hormones during the study. In contrast, the cotton and control groups showed insignificant changes (P〉0.05) in all the study. The polyester pants thus had a deleterious effect on spermatogenesis in the dogs which was, however, reversible in the majority of cases. The cause of this effect is unknown, but it may be assumed that the electrostatic potentials generated by the polyester fabric play a role in it.
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