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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of chemical documentation 5 (1965), S. 166-169 
    ISSN: 1520-5142
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 17 (1981), S. 235-247 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La fatigue des métaux a été reconnue comme une cause importante de rupture des structures métalliques. Dans la plupart des applications, le dommage par fatigue résulte de l'action conjointe d'une contrainte appliquée de manière cyclique et d'un environnement extérieur (chimique). Dès lors, elle dépend du temps. Il est essentiel de comprendre les interactions contrainte/environnement pour la formulation de procédure de prédiction de vie résiduelle et pour le développement d'évaluation et d'essai de qualification réaliste pour l'étude des matériaux. Les recherches entreprises au cours des 15 dernières années ont conduit à suggérer que la vitesse de propagation d'une fissure de fatigue dans un environnement agressif (da/dN) résulte de trois composants: la vitesse de propagation d'une fissure de fatigue dans un environnement inerte, qui représente la contribution de la fatigue pure, une composante dépendant de l'alternance et qui exprime l'interaction synergétique de la fatigue et de l'attaque provoquée par l'environnement, et une contribution d'une croissance de fissure sous charge constante (c.à.d. fissuration sous corrosion sous tension) à un niveau K supérieur à K Isc. Les études récentes de mécanique de rupture et de chimie de surface ont fourni une compréhension plus claire du terme dépendant de l'alternance et dés lors, une explication plus compllète de la croissance d'une fissure de fatigue en présence d'un environnement. La composante dépendant de l'alternance résulte de la réaction de l'environnement à une surface de fissuration fraiche produite par la fatigue et est fonction de l'étendue de la réaction au cours d'un seul cycle de sollicitation. Dans le cas de systèmes alliage-environnement hautement réactifs, cette contribution dépend également de la vitesse de transport de l'environnement agressif à l'extrémité de la fissure. La base expérimentale et le développement de modèles pour le transport et la croissance d'une fissure de fatigue contrôlée sous l'effet des réactions de surface ont été passés en revue. Une interprétation des effets d'une pression partielle de l'environnement agressif ainsi que de la fréquence des cycles de sollicitation est discutée en terme de réactions de surface et de processus de transfert. Les implications que ces conclusions présentent sur la performance en service et les procédures de prédiction de vue sont discutées.
    Notes: Abstract Metal fatigue has been well recognized as an important cause for failure of engineering structures. In most applications, fatigue damage results from the conjoint actions of the cyclically applied stress and the external (chemical) environment, and is therefore time dependent. Understanding of this load-environment interaction is essential to the formulation of rational life prediction procedures and to the development of realistic materials evaluation and qualification tests. Research over the past 15 years has led to the suggestion that the rate of fatigue crack growth in an aggressive environment, (da/dN)e, is the sum of three components—the rate of fatigue crack growth in an inert environment, (da/dN)r, which represents the contribution of “pure” fatigue, a cycle-dependent component, (da/dN)cf, that requires the synergistic interaction of fatigue and environmental attack, and the contribution by sustained-load crack growth (i.e., stress corrosion cracking) at K levels above K Iscc, (da/dN)scc. Recent fracture mechanics and surface chemistry studies have provided a clearer understanding of the cycle-dependent term, and, hence, a more complete understanding of environment assisted fatigue crack growth. (da/dN)cf results from the reaction of the environment with fresh crack surfaces produced by fatigue, and is a function of the extent of reaction during one loading cycle. For highly reactive alloy-environment systems, this contribution depends also on the rate of transport of the aggressive environment to the crack tip. The experimental basis and the development of models for transport and surface reaction controlled fatigue crack growth are reviewed. Interpretation of the effects of partial pressure of the aggressive environment and cyclic load frequency in terms of surface reaction and transport processes is discussed. Implications in terms of service performance and life prediction procedures are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 58 (1995), S. 313-322 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is generally accepted that conductometric titration is a time-dependent technique in the case of highly carboxylated latexes because of the changes in the structure of the particle surface resulting from the neutralization and the alkali swellability imparted by the carboxyl groups when titrated with an alkali. At high levels of neutralization, the diffusion of the hydroxyl groups into the shell will be much faster than at the lower levels of neutralization. Due to this changing rate of the diffusion of the hydroxyl groups into the highly alkaliswellable copolymer shell, the assignment of the carboxyl groups to the different sublevels inside the particle shell can, at best, be arbitrary. To overcome this handicap, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) was used to obtain the depth profile of methacrylic acid near the surface of the particles. It is expected that by accurately characterizing the surface loading of the carboxyl groups, it will be possible to control the microphase separation process of the system. Considering the high concentration of the carboxyl groups on the surface of the core/shell latexes prepared in this study, XPS experiments were conducted to obtain the depth profile of the carboxyl groups. Angle-dependent XPS studies were performed on films derived from the core/shell latexes with different amounts of methacrylic acid in the shell layer in order to determine the compositional heterogeneities between the surface and subsurface layers. In addition, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study the changes in the surface composition of solvent-cast core/shell latex films prepared in this study upon treatment with alkali solution. It was discovered that a large-scale migration of the carboxyl groups could occur as a result of coulombic interactions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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