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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 16 (1982), S. 193-224 
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background and Objective Airway inflammation is assessed to monitor progression, control and treatment of asthma. The collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) provides a non-invasive alternative to induced sputum samples for the monitoring of airway inflammation. Both samples can be confounded by salivary contamination. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of inflammatory mediators in samples of EBC, induced sputum and saliva samples from subjects with asthma.Method EBC, saliva and induced sputum samples were collected from subjects with asthma (n=10). Total protein, IL-8, 8-isoprostane and surfactant protein A (SPA) were assessed in each sample.Results Total protein, IL-8, 8-isoprostane and SPA were detected in all sputum samples. Only total protein and SPA were consistently measured in EBC, with levels at least 100-fold lower than those measured in induced sputum. In saliva, total protein, SPA and 8-isoprostane were detected in all samples, with IL-8 detected in 60% of samples.Conclusions Induced sputum is a reliable technique that can be used to assess markers of airway inflammation. While EBC is a simple and inexpensive technique to collect lower airway secretions, the detection of inflammatory mediators is variable, and further work is required to validate this technique to assess inflammatory mediators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Sputum induction is a safe and effective technique to study airway inflammation in stable asthma. However, it has the potential to induce bronchospasm and the safety and efficacy of the technique in acute asthma has not been determined.Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a protocol to induce sputum using isotonic saline in adults with acute exacerbations of asthma.Methods Adults (n = 47) presenting to the emergency room with acute asthma and an FEV1 〉 1.0 L underwent supervised sputum induction with 0.9% saline delivered by an ultrasonic nebuliser. Induction was ceased if there was a fall of 20% or greater from baseline FEV1.Results Subjects had moderate to severe exacerbations of acute asthma. An adequate sputum sample was obtained in 87% of subjects. Four subjects ceased induction because of symptom distress. There was a fall ≥ 20% in 28% of subjects. Bronchoconstriction was successfully reversed by salbutamol in all subjects. Predictors of significant bronchoconstriction were older age, use of ingested corticosteroids, and a requirement for high-dose nebulized salbutamol for the exacerbation. Maintenance long-acting β2-agonist therapy protected against bronchoconstriction during sputum induction.Conclusions Sputum induction in acute asthma using isotonic saline is highly efficacious in obtaining an adequate sputum sample. There is the potential for significant bronchoconstriction to occur but this can be managed safely with minimal discomfort to subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Advances in contraception 1 (1985), S. 3-30 
    ISSN: 1573-7195
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Most contraceptive methods are associated with defined maternal risks. These risks can be balanced against the benefits, with individual users arriving at iformed decisions concerning propriety of using a given method. Physicians and patients alike have grown accustomed to benefits/risks analysis of this type. More difficult to assess, however, would be fetal risks associated with contraceptive use. In the past decade, increasing attention has been given to allegations that various forms of contraception pose fetal risks. Sometimes risks are claimed as a result of exposure during pregnancy (teratogenesis). At other times long-term risks are claimed after discontinuation of the contraceptive agent. That is, there are risks due to exposure prior to pregnancy (mutagenesis). In this communication we shall review the various allegations, attempt to define the more reasonable possibilities in order to suggest future studies assuring contraceptive safety, and provide information suitable for counseling of patients who inadvertently become pregnant while using contraception.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-7195
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Bien que le planning familial naturel (PFN-NFP) soit une forme de contraception ne présentant pas de risques manifestes pour la mère (autres qu'une grossesse), il pourrait y avoir des risques potentiels pour le foetus si des gamètes âgés sont par inadvertance fécondés. Nous passons en revue tout d'abord des études effectuées sur des animaux, établissant fermement que le sperme veillissant et les oocytes vieillissants (fécondation retardée) provoquent des anomalies chromosomales chez les mammifères et d'autres espèces. Nous examinons ensuite des études sur des humains, qui associent diminution coitale et trisomie, et des études de populations pratiquant le PFN, qui ne révèlent généralement pas de fréquence accrue d'enfants anormaux ou d'avortements spontanés. Cette communication expose la raison pour laquelle nous avons entrepris une étude sur une cohorte internationale, ainsi que le concept d'expérimentation que nous avons choisi. Les constatations préliminaires indiquent que ce concept fournira véritablement des informations qui permettront d'évaluer de façon définitive la sécurité du PFN.
    Abstract: Resumen Aunque la planificación familiar natural (PFN) es una forma de anticoncepción sin riesgos maternos ostensibles, (fuera del embarzo) podrían existir posibles riesgos fetales di gametos que están envejeciendo son inadvertidamente fertilizados. La primera revisión de estudios en animales establece firmemente que espermatozoides y oocytos en envejecimiento (fertilización tardía), causan anormalidades cromosómicas en mamíferos y otras especies. A continuación revisamos estudios en humanos que asocian la disminución de la frecuencia coital con trisomía, y estudios de poblaciones practicando PFN que generalmente no muestran aumento en la frecuencia de descendientes anormales o de abortos espontáneos. Presentamos nuestras razones para iniciar el estudio de una cohorte internactional ademas del diseño experimental elegido proveerá información alegando que la inocuidad de la PFN sea definitivamente valorada.
    Notes: Abstract Although natural family planning (NFP) is a form of contraception without ostensible maternal risks (other than pregnancy), potential fetal risks could exist if aging gametes are involved in inadvertent fertilization. In the following report, we first review animal studies firmly establishing that aging sperm and aging oocytes (delayed fertilization) cause chromosomal abnormalities in mammals and other species. We next review human studies associating decreased coital frequency with trisomy and studies of NFP populations that generally show no increased frequency of anomalous offspring or spontaneous abortions. Our rationale for initiating an international cohort study is presented, along with the experimental design selected. Preliminary findings indicate that the experimental design chosen will indeed provide information allowing NFP safety to be assessed definitively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A variant chromosome no. 21 consisting of two stalks and two satellites in tandem was detected during a survey of a human isolate. The variant segregated in three generations of a large kindred. One male had the variant no. 21, a metacentric Y, and a 47, XXY complement; however, no other evidence of chromosomal nondisjunction was found. Computer-aided analysis of sequentially stained variant no. 21 chromosomes indicated that silver-stained material corresponded to the proximal stalk region (as defined defined by Giemsa). These data support the hypothesis that human nucleolar organizers are localized to the stalks of acrocentric chromosomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-7195
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Advances in contraception 6 (1990), S. 141-167 
    ISSN: 1573-7195
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Allegations that inadvertent pregnancies in contraceptive users are associated with congenital anomalies continue to be common. In 1985, a review by one of us concluded that there is little or no scientific basis for such claims [1]. Since then, additional data have substantiated this conclusion, particularly with respect to spermicides and hormonal contraception. The purpose of this review is to update information with respect to potential teratogenicity for these two contraceptive methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-7330
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-7330
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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