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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen fixation and balance studies of rice soil (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 15-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; N-balance studies ; Azolla ; Blue-green algae ; Chemical N fertilization ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A nitrogen balance study conducted in ceramic pots under net house conditions for four seasons showed that flooded rice soil leaves a positive nitrogen balance (N increase) in soil after rice cropping in both fertilized and unfertilized soil. Recovery of nitrogen from rice soil was more than its input in unfertilized soil, but it was reverse in fertilized soil. Incorporation of Azolla or BGA twice as basal and 20 days after transplanting (DAT) alone or in combination showed higher nitrogen balance and N2-fixation (N gain) in soil than in that where it was applied once either as basal or 20 DAT. Planted soil showed more N2-fixation than that of fallow rice, and flooded soil fixed more nitrogen in comparison to non-flooded soil in light but less in dark. Soil exposed to light fixed more nitrogen than that of unexposed soil in both flooded and non-flooded conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280345
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Ni-sensitive and Ni-resistant strains of Nostoc muscorum (1993)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 323-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bioconcentration ; Cyanobacterium ; Nir ; Nis ; nickel ; spheroplasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A wild-type Ni-sensitive (Nis) strain of Nostoc muscorum ISU spontaneously yielded mutants resistant to inhibition by 40 μM Ni with a frequency of about 10-7. A Ni-resistant (Nir) mutant was deficient in the activities of urease and uptake hydrogenase. Cellular Ni uptake in the Nis strain was dependent on concentration (40 to 120 μM) and time (0 to 30 min) (Vmax=0.51 nmol/μg protein.min; Km=92 μM). The Ni bioconcentration factor for such cells ranged between 0.95×103 and 1.89×103. Ni uptake in spheroplast preparations from Nis cells followed almost the same trend as intact cells except that the bioconcentration factor was slightly less [(0.82 to 1.39)×103]. In contrast, Ni uptake in the Nir intact cells was not concentration dependent and also the uptake was saturated, even at 40 μM, within 10 min. Spheroplasts from the Nir strain showed a Ni bioconcentration factor of 1.19×103 compared with 4.41×103 for intact cells. The invariably lower Ni uptake by spheroplasts was attributed to altered membrane transport properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00383072
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal and magnetic studies of mixed ligand complexes of chromium(III) containing dithiocarbamate and acetylacetone/oxine/glycine moieties (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 37 (1991), S. 2541-2554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Chrom(III)-komplexe des Typs Cr(A)(A′)2, Cr(A)2(A′) und Cr(A)3 (wobei A entweder Piperidyldithiocarbamat oder Morpholyldithiocarbamat und A′ Glycin, Oxin oder Acetylaceton ist) hergestellt. Die Mischligandenkomplexe wurden mit tels Elementaranalyse, Messungen der magnetischen Suszeptibilität und durch thermische Untersuchungen beschrieben. Die Komplexe weisen ein magnetisches Moment im Bereich 3.5–4.3 B.M. auf, was drei ungepaarten Elektronen entspricht. Es wurden auch TG-Unter suchungen durchgeführt, um die Art und Weise der Zersetzung der Komplexe zu untersuchen und verschiedene kinetische Parameter zu bestimmen.
    Notes: Abstract Chromium(III) complexes of the type Cr(A)(A′)2, Cr(A)2(A′) and Cr(A)3 have been prepared (whereA is either piperidyldithiocarbamate or morpholyldithiocarbamate andA′ is glycine or oxine or acetylacetone moiety). The mixed ligand complexes have been charac terized by elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility measurements and thermal studies. The complexes show magnetic moment in the range of 3.5–4.3 B.M. which corresponds to three unpaired electrons. TG studies have also been carried out, in order to study the mode of decomposition of the complexes and to evaluate various kinetic parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01912799
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of different levels of chemical Nitrogen (urea) onAzolla and Blue-green algae intercropping with rice (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 47-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Azolla pinnata (Bangkok) ; blue-green algae (BGA) ; N accumulation ; nitrogen fertilizer ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Application of higher levels (60 and 90 kg N ha−1) of nitrogen fertilizer (Urea) inhibited the growth ofAzolla pinnata (Bangkok) and blue-green algae (BGA) though the reduction was more in BGA thanAzolla. Inoculation of 500 kg ha−1 of freshAzolla 10 days after transplanting (DAT) in the rice fields receiving 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha−1 as urea produced an average of 16.5, 15.0 and 13.0 t ha−1 fresh biomass ofAzolla at 30 DAT, which contained 31, 31 and 27 kg N ha−1, respectively. The dry mixture of BGA (60%Aulosira, 35%Gloeotrichia and 5% other BGA on fresh weight basis) inoculated in rice field 3 DAT at a rate of 10 kg ha−1 showed a mat formation at 80 DAT with an average fresh biomass of 8.0, 5.8 and 4.2 t ha−1 containing 22, 17 and 12 kg N ha−1, respectively with those N fertilizer doses. Application ofAzolla showed positive responses to rice crop by increasing the panicle number and weight, grain and straw yields and nitrogen uptake in rice significantly at all the levels of chemical nitrogen. But, the BGA inoculation had a significant effect on the grain and straw yields only during the dry season in the treatment where 30 kg N was applied. During the wet season and in the other treatments performed during the dry season no significant increase in yields, yield components and N uptake were observed with BGA. The intercropping ofAzolla and rice in combination with 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha−1 as urea showed the yields, yield attributes and nitrogen uptake in rice at par with those obtained by applying 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha−1 as urea, respectively but, the BGA did not. The analysis of soil from rice field after harvest showed thatAzolla and BGA intercropping with rice in combination with chemical fertilizer significantly increased the organic carbon, available phosphorus and total nitrogen of soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050456
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Azolla management on the growth, yield of rice and soil fertility (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 49-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azolla pinnata ; Azolla dual cropping ; N ; P uptake ; rice ; soil fertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Azolla and urea application in a rice field transplanted with square (20 cm×20 cm) and rectangular (10 cm×40 cm) spacings for three consecutive seasons were found to increase significantly uptake of N and P by the rice plants, irrespective of seasons. Azolla treatments increased the organic C content of the soil during both wet and dry seasons, while its N and P contents were more only during the wet seasons. Urea did not affect N, P and organic C contents of the soil. Spacing had no significant effect on N and P uptake by the rice plant or N, P and C contents of the soil. Maximum N and P uptake in rice were obtained by growing two crops of Azolla after transplanting in addition to its incorporation before transplanting. This treatment showed significantly more N uptake than the urea at 60 kg N ha−1 during wet and dry seasons of 1982. Among Azolla treatments, twice Azolla dual cropping although showed comparatively lower uptake of N and P, it was comparable to that of 60 kg N ha−1 urea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370899
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Azolla management on the growth, yield of rice and soil fertility (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azolla pinnata ; dual cropping ; N2-fixation ; spacing ; rice yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment conducted at Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, during three successive seasons showed that with the 120-day-duration variety Ratna two dual crops ofAzolla pinnata R. Brown (Bangkok isolate) could be achieved 25 and 50 days after transplanting (DAT) by inoculating 2.0 t ha−1 of fresh Azolla 10 and 30 DAT respectively. One basal crop of Azolla could also be grown using the same inoculum 20 days before transplanting (DBT) in fallow rice fields. The three crops of Azolla grown—once before transplanting and twice after transplanting—gave an average total biomass of 38–63 and 43–64 t ha−1 fresh Azolla containing 64–90 and 76–94 kg N ha−1 respectively in the square and rectangular spacings. Two crops of Azolla grown only as a dual crop, on the other hand, gave 26–39 and 29–41 t ha−1 fresh Azolla which contained 44–61 and 43–59 kg N ha−1 respectively. Growth and yield of rice were significantly higher in Azolla basal plus Azolla dual twice incorporated treatments than in the Azolla dual twice incorporation, Azolla basal plus 30 kg N ha−1 urea and 60 kg N ha−1 urea treatments. Azolla basal plus 30 kg N ha−1 urea and 60 kg N ha−1 urea showed similar yields but Azolla dual twice incorporation was significantly lower than those. The different spacing with same plant populations did not affect growth and yield significantly, whereas Azolla growth during dual cropping was 8.3 and 64% more in the rectangular spacing than in the square spacing in Azolla basal plus Azolla dual twice incorporation and Azolla dual twice incorporation treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370898
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of different sources of iron and sulphur on leaf chlorosis, nutrient uptake and yield of groundnut (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 24 (1990), S. 85-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Calcareous soil ; chlorosis ; chlorophyll ; excess water ; groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) iron and sulphur nutrition ; lime ; nutrient uptake ; pod yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The pot experiment conducted in calcareous soil of Saurashtra, India showed that application of lime (20% CaCO3) and excess water (irrigation at −0.3 bar) to the soil enhanced chlorosis in groundnut leaves caused by induced deficiencies of iron, sulphur and zinc, which was recovered by applying agricultural grade chemicals containing iron, sulphur and zinc. This chlorosis caused 29.8 and 19.1% reduction in pod yield of groundnut due to lime and excess water, respectively in the untreated control pot and 17.1 and 9.6%, respectively in the pot treated with different chemicals. Application of iron sulphate, zinc sulphate, iron pyrite, gypsum, phospho-gypsum, elemental sulphur, wettable sulphur and Fe-EDTA decreased chlorosis and increased chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of leaves, uptake of Fe, S and Zn and pod yield of groundnut significantly. The foliar spray of 0.5% aqueous solution of iron sulphate, zinc sulphate and Fe-EDTA at 20, 35, 50 and 65 days after emergence (DAE) was more effective than their soil applications. The Fe-EDTA corrected only iron chlorosis, and gypsum, phosphogypsum and elemental sulphur only sulphur chlorosis. However, iron sulphate and iron pyrite corrected iron and sulphur and zinc sulphate corrected zinc and sulphur chlorosis. Among the soil amendments, application of iron sulphate and iron pyrite showed better responses to groundnut and showed higher Fe and S uptake than other treatments. The responses of gypsum, phosphogypsum and elemental sulphur were at par. The correlation study showed that pod yield of groundnut was negatively correlated with chlorosis and positively correlated with the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in groundnut leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01073226
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of split application of phosphorus on the growth ofAzolla and low land rice (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 109-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Azolla pinnata (Vietnam) ; intercropping ; N accumulation ; phosphorus fertilizer ; Rice ; Soil fertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract TheAzolla pinnata (Vietnam) inoculated in rice field 10 days after transplanting (DAT) at a rate of 500 kg ha−1 fresh biomass along with phosphorus fertilizer application produced a mat on the water surface at 30 DAT. The three split application of phosphorus as 4.4, 2.2 and 2.2 kg P ha−1 applied at 10, 15 and 20 DAT, respectively produced 67% more biomass and 57% more Nitrogen inAzolla than those obtained by applying 8.8 kg P ha−1 at 10 DAT. Whereas, the two splits of phosphorus as 6.6 and 2.2 kg and 4.4 and 4.4 kg P ha−1 applied 10 and 15 DAT, respectively produced 20 and 33% more biomass and 14 and 27% more Nitrogen only. The three split application of phosphorus also increased the grain and straw yields, panicle number and weight, nitrogen concentration and its uptake in rice significantly over application of the entire amount once only. An increase of 10% grain yield and 13% straw yields was observed when 8.8 kg P ha−1 was applied in three splits rather than applied at one time. On the average an increase of 24% grain and 23% straw yields in rice were observed due toAzolla intercropping and 22% and 16%, respectively due to phosphorus application. The intercropping ofAzolla with rice along with phosphorus application also increased the fertility level of soil by increasing the total nitrogen, organic carbon and available phosphorus of soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049768
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of different sources of iron and sulphur on nutrient concentration and uptake by groundnut (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 24 (1990), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Calcareous soil ; excess water ; groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) ; iron ; lime ; macro nutrients concentration and uptake ; sulphur ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The pot experiment showed that application of lime (20% CaCO3) and excess irrigation (watering at −0.3 bar) increased Ca and decreased N, P, K and Mg concentration of leaf and stem and their uptake by groundnut. The application of agricultural grade iron sulphate, zinc sulphate, iron pyrite, gypsum, phosphogypsum and elemental sulphur in the soil and iron sulphate, zinc sulphate and Fe—EDTA on the foliage increased the N, P, K and Mg concentration of leaf and stem and their uptake by groundnut. The gypsum and phosphogypsum was also found to increase the calcium concentration of leaf and stem and its uptake by groundnut. The study suggested that soil application of iron sulphate, iron pyrite, zinc sulphate, gypsum, phosphogypsum and elemental sulphur in the calcareous soil increased the availability of most of the macro nutrients causing their absorption by groundnut plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01073227
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