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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of human amnion and amniotic plaques of normal pregnancy (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amnion ; Human amniotic plaques ; Fetal membranes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of amniotic and amniotic-plaque epithelia has been studied from normal term pregnancies. The columnar/cuboidal amniotic epithelial cells usually have apical or central nuclei, some free ribosomes, patches of granular endoplasmic reticulum, juxtanuclear Golgi complexes, rod-shaped mitochondria, lipid droplets and some glycogen granules. They have short, blunt microvilli which frequently branch and bathe in the amniotic fluid. The lateral plasma membranes enclose tortuous intercellular spaces which are always interrupted by variously folded processes and desmosomes. The epithelial cells rest on a basal lamina and exhibit highly folded basal processes. The amniotic epithelial cells are neither distinctly Golgi and fibrillar types nor “light” and “dark” in appearance. Amnion from near the umbilical cord contains many microscopic and several large plaques. Similar structures are not found on the reflected amnion. The microscopic plaques are whitish and translucent, whereas the large ones are opaque. The large plaques vary between 1–3 mm in diameter, and are over 15 cell layers thick. Each large plaque has a main central region and edges continuous with either the microscopic plaque or the simple amniotic epithelium. The main region shows four zones, namely, stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. Such zones are not distinct at the edges. The fine structure of basal cells compares with the amniotic epithelial cells, but the cells of spinosum and granulosum layers possess variable amounts of tonofibrils, keratohyalin granules, free ribosomes and other cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions. The corneum cells are keratinized and are frequently separated by intercellular spaces. They slough into the amniotic cavity singly or as a sheet, and contribute towards the composition of the amniotic fluid. The plaques are of amniotic origin, and are not formed by adhesion of either squamous cells or fetal skin cells (masses of keratinized squames). The present observations suggest that the occurrence of amniotic plaques is normal. The presence of plaques may not be necessarily associated with fetal abnormality. However, increase in numbers of plaques may be caused by conditions of fluid imbalance. The homology and significance of plaques in eutherian mammals have been discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936112
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ovary of the sea otterThis research was supported through graduate and research assistantships, Department of Zoology, University of Missouri, and in part by USPHS grant Am-CA-11376-07. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 795-805 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ovarian histology of 140 sea otters (4 juvenile and 136 sexually mature) is described. Multilayered germinal epithelium occurs in thickened areas on the ovarian surface and in fissures which are simple or complexly branched. Occasionally an epithelial tube extends from the fissure into the cortex. Typically a single Graafian follicle reaches the prevulatory stage while others become atretic. Interstitial gland cells of theca interna origin are abundant and apparently secretory during estrus. The corpus luteum of preimplantation pregnancy has a medium to large antrum which is obliterated by the time the blastocyst implants. During delayed implantation, the luteal cells progressively hypertrophy and by the time of implantation they are polygonal with a uniformly granular, nonvacuolated cytoplasm. Following implantation, many small secondary cavities or spaces are observed in the corpus. Subsequently, they coalesce to form larger ones. These cavities are strikingly well developed during mid gestation. After parturition, the corpus luteum degenerates rapidly. A corpus albicans persists for at least two years before blending with the stroma.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091600414
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The testicular interstitial cells of a lion and a three-toed slothThis research was supported by USPHS grant AM CA 11376-07. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 35-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of testicular interstitial cells of lion and three-toed sloth showed an abundance of agranular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lipid droplets. Mitochondria were usually small and rod to rounded in shape, but large bizarre forms, such as triangular, oval and rounded with tubular and lamellar cristae were also observed. Mitochondria with lamellar cristae occurred in lion, but not in three-toed sloth. These cristae were highly developed and appeared unique for the testicular interstitial cells. Both small and large mitochondria closely adhered to lipid droplets which were found singly or in clusters. The stored lipid droplets probably serve as a major source of substrate in androgen biosynthesis. The possible role of agranular endoplasmic reticulum in androgen biosynthesis is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091640103
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship of epithelial cell types in the ventral prostate glands of castrated mice treated with testosterone (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 208 (1984), S. 533-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of epithelial cell types in the ventral prostate glands of castrated mice treated with testosterone during the period of maximum DNA synthesis, mitosis, and restitution of the epithelium. Of 33 adult mice, ten were used as normal controls, six were used as castrated controls, at day zero of treatment, and 17 castrates were treated with testosterone for 1 through 8 days. Selected normals, castrates, and treated mice were injected with 3H-thymidine prior to their sacrifice. Tissue samples from each mouse were processed for electron microscopy and autoradiography. The epithelium of the ventral prostate glands after testosterone treatment had four cell types: basal, intermediate, mitotic, and columnar. Intermediate and mitotic cells were most frequent during the second, third, and fourth day of androgen treatments. Basal and columnar cells were observed in normal, castrates, and androgen-treated mice. The restitution of the epithelium included an initial phase of cell growth which was essentially comlete by the fifth day of hormone treatment. During the growth phase many basal and columnar cells synthesized DNA and became mitotic. Columnar cells increased their cell height and showed variable amounts or organelles and inclusions. The growth phase was followed by the secretory phase in which columnar cells contained abundant supranuclear organelles and inclusions and appeared as secretory cells much as those observed in normal prostate. The restitution process of the prostate glands of castrates was completed by the eighth day of hormone treatment.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092080409
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical localization of cathepsin D in rat ventral prostate: Evidence for castration-induced expression of cathepsin D in basal cells (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 229 (1991), S. 321-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cathepsin D (EC3.4.23.5) is an aspartyl endopeptidase involved in lysosomal proteolysis. Its functional role is uncertain. This study was undertaken to determine the cellular and subcellular distribution of cathepsin D in the normal rat ventral prostate and its possible role in the castration-induced atrophy of the gland. Cathepsin D was localized immunohistochemically to perinuclear lysosomes in secretory cells, in capillary endothelial cells, and, occasionally, in stromal cells of the untreated animal. Castration resulted in an increased number of cathepsin D-positive cells in the stroma within 24 hr. By 48 hr after castration autophagolysosomes formed in secretory cells and apoptotic bodies appeared in the epithelium. Although apoptotic bodies generally contained immunoreactive cathepsin D, a subpopulation of larger apoptotic bodies, which commonly rested on the basement membrane and contained multiple inclusions, were more variable in cathepsin D expression. The induction of cathepsin D in dendritic cells basally oriented in the epithelium was noted at 4 days of castration. These cells had a phagocytic phenotype, were distributed periodically along the basement membrane, and were not found in ductal epithelia. Treatment with actinomycin D or hydrocortisone to reduce the rate of regression of the ventral prostate blocked the appearance of these cathepsin D-positive, basally oriented epithelial cells. Our data indicate that this cathepsin D-positive, phagocytic cell differentiates from a cell resident in the prostatic epithelium. We suggest that it differentiates from basal cells in the secretory tubuloalveolar portion of the gland and that it is involved in the destruction of regressed secretory cells.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092290306
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cathepsin B in angiogenesis of human prostate: An immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic analysis (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 241 (1995), S. 353-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Microvessel density ; Endothelial cells ; Cathepsin B ; Angiogenic microvessels ; Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia ; Benign prostatic hyperplasia ; Prostate cancer ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Angiogenesis (or neovascularization) is required for the growth of solid organ tumors and precedes invasion of the adjacent stroma by neoplastic cells. We investigated the relative density and distribution of cathepsin B (CB) immunostained microvessels (i.e., small blood vessels and capillaries) in benign prostatic hypersplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and prostatic adenocarcinoma (CAP) by immunocytochemical localization of an antibody directed against a cathepsin B-derived synthetic peptide (Syn-CB).Methods: We studied 16 formalin-fixed, prostatectomy specimens that were embedded in paraffin/paraplast for histological examination by hematoxylin and eosin and immuno-localization of the Syn-CB antibody. Selected paraformaldehyde-fixed specimens were embedded in K4M Lowicryl or LRWhite resins. We localized the antibody in thin sections using immunoelectron microscopy techniques.Results: Eight patients had BPH [4 patients with BPH alone, 2 with BPH and PIN, and 2 with BPH and CAP]. Ten cancer cases included one with Gleason histologic score 4, two with score 6, four with score 7, and three with score 8. In CAP cases, Gleason score 6 and 7 tumors had more microvessels than the score 4 or 8 tumors. In both BPH and CAP cases, the antibody was localized chiefly in the endothelial cells of microvessels, but occasionally inductal and glandular epithelial cells. Ultrastructurally, CB-immunoreactive gold particles were markedly increased at the luminal and basal plasma membrane surfaces and folds of endothelial cells in neoplastic prostate, but not in the endothelial cells of BPH. Furthermore, the presence of CB localizing gold particles in collagen and smooth muscle fibers near the microvessels indicated leakage of the enzyme in prostatic stroma of neoplastic prostate. Similar leakage was not observed in BPH. Morphometric analysis showed that the relative density of microvessels increased two to three times in cancer patients when compared to patients with BPH alone. Our study also indicated that BPH associated with PIN or CAP had an increased density of microvessels when compared to BPH alone.Conclusions: Our study showed that the relative density and distribution of microvessels are the most important features of neovascularization in prostatic tumors. The relative density of microvessels increased in PIN and CAP when compared to BPH alone. Although the localization of CB is associated with lysosomes of endothelial cells in both BPH and CAP, there is a greater association of CB with the plasma membrances of endothelial cells in CAP than BPH. Immunoelectron microscopy provided evidence that CB might be involved in dissolution of basement membrances in neoplastic tumors during angiogenesis. CB localization has the potential of defining a role for this protease in degradation of extracellular matrix constituents during early steps of angiogenesis. ©1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092410309
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The intertubular cleft and membranous whorl in the rabbit placentaThis research was supported by grant 5T1-HD-21, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, and in part by USPHS grant AM-CA-11376-07. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The chorio-allantoic placenta of the rabbit is of the labyrinthine hemodichorial type where the outer trophoblastic layer next to the maternal blood space is syncytial and the inner is cellular. The syncytium has thick and thin areas. It is at the thick areas that the trophoblast from either side of the maternal blood tubule encloses a narrow intertubular cleft which has numerous interdigitating microvilli and desmosomes. Intravenously injected thorotrast (an electron dense particle) and maternal plasma readily enter the intertubular cleft. Along the intertubular cleft numerous caveolae, arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are present in the syncytium suggesting that the clefts are areas in which fluid and certain metabolites are absorbed. The agranular membranous whorls are found in the syncytial thick areas. They enclose central or eccentric masses of lipid droplets. Small whorls are found during early pregnancy; smaller and larger ones, however, are found from midpregnancy to term. The whorls progressively increase in size as pregnancy advances. Membranes of the whorl and the rough endoplasmic reticulum are interrelated and contiguous.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091600205
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of cathepsin B in normal and hyperplastic human prostate by immunoperoxidase and protein A-gold techniques (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 266-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, was localized in normal prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using immunoperoxidase and protein A-gold techniques. Our objective was to determine whether cathepsin B was involved in the prostatic epithelium affected by nodular hyperplasia. All samples were collected immediately after prostatectomy. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the enzyme was expressed in the supranuclear cytoplasm of columnar cells and in numerous basal cells of normal and BPH acini. The strongest localization of cathepsin B occurred in acinar basal cells; hence, it is possible that cathepsin B could be useful as a marker for such cellular elements. Stromal macrophages showed reaction products, but lymphocytes and neutrophils did not. In both normal and hyperplastic glands, the enzyme was localized by gold particles in lysosomes, secretory granules, and vacuoles of columnar epithelial acinar cells. Immunoelectron microscopic study also showed the presence of cathepsin B in the heterochromatin (condensed chromatin) and nuclear membranes of columnar and basal cells, but not in euchromatin or nucleoli. At present, the function of cathepsin B in the nuclei of basal and columnar cells remains unknown. However, the cathepsin B in the cytoplasmic compartment might be associated with the lysosomal function of the cells. The role of cathepsin B as a marker for basal cell participation in the development of prostatic lesions should be studied further.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092230305
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of a biotinylated cathepsin B oligonucleotide probe in human prostate including invasive cells and invasive edges by in situ hybridization (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 235 (1993), S. 233-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Normal prostate ; Benign prostatic hyperplasia ; Neoplastic human prostate ; Cathepsin B ; CB oligonucleotide probe ; In situ hybridization ; Invasive edges ; Invasive cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cysteine endopeptidase cathepsin B (CB) can degrade basement membrane (BM) proteins (such as laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin) at both acid and neutral pHs suggesting that CB has a role in tumor invasion and distant metastasis. The distribution and intensity of CB protein localization vary in normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and neoplastic prostate. These considerations have led us to examine whether the distribution of CB localization in malignant and normal cells is due to storage or active synthesis of CB. In the present study, we examined the localization patterns of CB at the mRNA level in normal prostate, BPH, and well to moderately differentiated neoplastic prostate, focusing on invasive groups of cells and invasive edges of malignant tumors. We used a 25-base biotinylated oligonucleotide CB cDNA “sense” probe to localize CB message in prostate samples obtained from radical prostatectomies. We have determined that CB is actively synthesized by the epithelia of normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic prostate including some invasive cells in the invasive edges. In both normal and BPH, CB mRNA was localized predominantly in acinar basal cells with some localization in cuboidal/columnar cells. In contrast, in neoplastic prostate, CB mRNA was localized predominantly in columnar cells and in groups of invasive cells and invasive edges. Thus, in malignant prostate the predominant cell types expressing CB differed from those of the normal prostate and BPH. Analysis of CB mRNA localizations indicated a heterogeneity in staining distribution in prostate cancer with some invasive groups of cells and invasive edges exhibiting CB mRNA and others exhibiting little or no reaction products. Using CB as a marker, we have been able to define invasive edges and invasive cells which may be actively involved in tumor progression. The potential ability to distinguish between malignant and nonmalignant foci and edges via localization of CB within the prostatic extracellular matrix may improve diagnosis and treatment of some higher grade tumor patients. This is especially important since histologic differentiation patterns of moderately to poorly differentiated human prostatic adenocarcinoma often do not differentiate between malignant and nonmalignant foci and edges in predicting aggressive behavior and course of the disease in patients. This is the first localization of cathepsin B mRNA in human prostate and its tumors. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092350207
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the corpus luteum of antarctic seals during pregnancy (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpora lutea ; Granulosa lutein cells ; Crabeater seal ; Leopard seal ; Pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of granulosa lutein cells from three crabeater seals, Lobodon carcinophagus, and two leopard seals, Hydrurga leptonyx, has been studied from early through mid-pregnancy. Analysis of the arrangement and modifications of the cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions has revealed three types of lutein cells throughout the corpus. Type I cell typically possesses a central nucleus and cytoplasm containing very large amounts of smooth and/or fenestrated endoplasmic cisternae which frequently extend from the juxta-nuclear to the periphery of the cell. Type II cell contains a central or eccentric nucleus, moderate amounts of peripheral, smooth and fenestrated cisternae which often form large and concentric membranous whorls, numerous mitochondria and small lipid droplets. Frequently these cells show polarity in the arrangement of the cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions. Type III cell contains predominant large lipid droplets, many mitochondria, and small amounts of smooth and fenestrated cisternae. In light microscopy the type I cell is evenly granular, while the type III cell is highly vacuolated. Type II cells have both granular and vacuolated conditions. Ultrastructural features of type I and II cells suggest that they probably secrete most of the steroids, whereas the primary role of the type III cells appear to be lipid storage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307064
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