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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 3 (1931), S. 414-418 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 3 (1931), S. 24-26 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 18 (1926), S. 865-866 
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 32 (1979), S. 200-212 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the sessile barnacleBalanus balanus L. the relationship between stimulus duration and reaction intensity varies considerably. Investigations on the light reactions (increased cirral activity per unit time) and shadow reactions (decreased cirral activity per unit time) showed that increase of stimulus duration at a temporal range of 1–5 min and 30–360 min causes an increased response intensity, whereas, at a range of 5–30 min, the response intensity decreases. Two adaptive systems are assumed to be responsible for this behaviour. The peculiarities of the light and shadow reactions are interpreted as a result of interactions of central and peripheral components, but the unusual relationship between stimulus duration and reaction intensity is probably based on a greater influence of central components. The biological significance of the light and shadow reactions is discussed in relation to the larval and adult life: By means of the central variation of stimulus threshold in the described protective shadow responsesB. balanus seems to compensate for extreme environmental conditions. The light responses observed in the adults are considered as resulting from metamorphosis of larval swimming activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 37 (1981), S. 141-143 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper reports an experimental demonstration of the ability of sessile marine animals (Balanus balanus L., Crustacea, Cirripedia) to perceive constant hydrostatic pressure. The results suggest the presence inBalanus of a previously unknown sensory system with a tonic response. Such a system may also be present in freely moving animals, but be masked by their locomotor activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 28 (1972), S. 1449-1450 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mechanism of pressure sensitivity in marine invertebrates without gasfilled spaces is still obscure. Barmacles sum up supra- and subthreshold pressure stimuli with supra- and subthreshold shade stimuli. The subthreshold spatial summing up indicates that specific pressure receptors or receptor mechanisms exist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 76 (1972), S. 177-192 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Aktivität von Balanus balanus L. ist polyphasisch, d. h., sie ist in viele kurze Schübe aufgeteilt. Ihre Zusammenfassung ergibt jedoch keinen Bigeminus. Tages- oder Gezeitenperiodik konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden (Abb. 4, 7, 9, 10). 2. Eine freilaufende, wahrscheinlich rein endogene, Langzeitperiodik ist den Individuen fest eingeprägt. Sie weist zwei Hauptmaxima im Abstand von 25–35 Tagen und drei dazwischenliegende Nebenmaxima im Abstand von 5–10 Tagen auf (Abb. 5–7). Sie ist auch unter extremen Bedingungen immer nachzuweisen (Abb. 8) und überlagert alle Aktivitätsäußerungen der Seepocken. Im L/D-Wechsel ist ihr Muster in der Aktivitätsmenge während der Dunkelzeiten deutlicher zu erkennen als in der Aktivitätsmenge während der Hellzeiten (Abb. 6). 3. Im L/D-Wechsel ist Balanus balanus L. dunkelaktiv und verlegt bis zu 80% seiner Aktivität in die Dunkelzeiten. Mit dieser Dunkelaktivität folgt er den vorgegebenen Frequenzen bis hinauf zum 1/1stündigen L/D-Wechsel verzögerungsfrei (Abb. 9, 11). Zusammen mit der arhythmischen Aktivität macht diese rasche Umstimmbarkeit die Steuerung der Aktivität durch eine innere Uhr unwahrscheinlich. Maskierungseffekte, die eine zirkadiane Periodik verdecken können, liegen offenbar nicht vor (s. Diskussion). Balanus balanus L. bietet als sessiler Organismus das Beispiel für eine rein exogen gesteuerte Aktivität. Endogene und exogene Anteile in den Aktivitätsäußerungen lassen sich voneinander trennen. 4. Die Eigentümlichkeiten der spontanen und reizbedingten Aktivitätsäußerungen der Seepocken werden im Zusammenhang mit ihrer Lebensweise diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary 1. The cirral activity of Balanus balanus L. shows a polyphasic pattern, characterized by bursts of activity interspersed with inactive periods. But the condensed activity of Balanus balanus L. does not show any bigeminus. No evidence of a tidal or circadian synchronized rhythm of activity was found in the individuals studied (Figs. 4, 7, 9,10). 2. A free-running endogenous periodicity is imprinted in all individuals. Its pattern is biphasic with 25–35 days between major maxima, and between these major peaks there are three subordinate maxima at intervals of 5–10 days (Figs. 5 to 7). The pattern is highly stable even under extreme conditions (Fig. 8), and persists as long as the barnacles are active. Under L/D-conditions this characteristic pattern continues, but there is more activity during dark periods than during light periods (Fig. 6). 3. Under L/D-conditions up to 80% of the activity take place during the dark periods. This L/D-pattern holds for all L/D-frequencies up to 1/1 hour (Figs. 9, 11). The general arhythmic activity together with this variable L/D-pattern excludes regulation by an innate biological clock. Masking effects, which could hide a circadian periodicity, can be excluded (see discussion). As a sessile organism Balanus balanus L. is an example of regulated exogenous diurnal activity. Endogenous and exogenous patterns are demonstrated. 4. The pecularities in the activity of the barnacles, spontaneous or under L/D-conditions, are discussed in relation to their habits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 54 (1967), S. 347-348 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 31 (1978), S. 298-302 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present paper reports on the responses of the barnacleBalanus balanus L. to various light-dark cycles (30/30 min–360/360 min). As measured by cirral activity (cirrus beats per unit time), an increase of stimulus duration causes an increase of response intensity. The results obtained indicate that the previously described light and shadow reactions inB. balanus (Sommer, 1977) depend on the acclimation times of exposure to light or dark, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Seepocken (Balanus balanus L. undB. improvisus Darwin) reagieren auf plötzlichen Druckanstieg oder Druckabfall mit der Schalenschlußreaktion. Sie können Druckanstieg und Druckabfall als Reize mit verschiedenen Vorzeichen unterscheiden. 2. Auf schwache Druckreize reagieren Seepocken mit kurzer, auf starke Druckreize mit längerer Aktivitätspause. Diese Retraktionsdauer ist nicht identisch mit der für verschiedene Wassertiefen nötigen Adaptationsdauer. Sie wird mit steigender Temperatur des Seewassers verkürzt. 3. Bei gleichem Reizabstand erlischt die Reaktionsbereitschaft nach schwachen Druckreizen eher als nach starken. Die gehemmte Reaktionsbereitschaft beruht auf reizspezifischer zentraler Ermüdung.
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of pressure perception in animals without gasfilled spaces is still obscure. Larvae of numerous species of marine invertebrates respond to pressure changes; but the nature and direction of this response, and its relationship to light, vary considerably in different species or in different developmental stages of the same species. Settlement and metamorphosis are critical events in the life cycles of marine invertebrates. Nevertheless, adults of the barnaclesBalanus balanus L. andB. improvisus Darwin respond to pressure changes as they did during their larval stages. However, the nature of these responses changes: from slow reactions of larvae (vertical migration and positioning) to rapid reactions of sessile adults (closure of shell valves). The interruption of activity is shorter if caused by a weak pressure stimulus, than by a strong pressure stimulus. It is not identical with the time span required to adapt to changes in water depth. Inactive periods decrease with rising water temperature. At a given stimulation frequency, reactivity is inhibited sooner by weak than by strong pressure stimuli. Inhibited reactivity is caused by stimulus-specific central nervous fatigue. Indirectly, three results indicate that specific pressure receptors exist: (a) metamorphosis of slow larval reactions to changes in hydrostatic pressure (probably caused by intracellular and extracellular physiological mechanisms, e. g. varying solubility of CaCO3) to rapid reactions of sessile adults; (b) ability for distinguishing increase and decrease in hydrostatic pressure as stimuli with different signs; (c) stimulus-specific central nervous fatigue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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