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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The nuclear receptor heterodimers of liver X receptors (LXRs) are recently identified as key transcriptional regulators of genes involved in lipid homeostasis and inflammation. LXRs and their ligands are negative regulators of macrophage inflammatory gene expression. Multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system of unknown cause, is characterized by recurrent inflammation involving macrophages and their inflammatory mediators. Sweden belongs to the countries with a high MS incidence. In Italy, incidence is lower, with an exception for Sardinia where the incidence is even higher than that in Sweden. Subjects from Sardinia are ethnically more homogeneous and differ from Swedes, also regarding genetic background and environment. We studied LXRs and their related molecules of blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) from female patients with untreated relapsing-remitting MS from Sassari, Sardinia and Stockholm, Sweden. Sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) were from both areas. mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time PCR. LXR-α was lower (P 〈 0.05) in MS (mean ± SEM: 3.1 ± 0.2; n = 37) compared to HC (3.6 ± 0.1; n = 37). LXR-α was lower in MS from Stockholm (2.6 ± 0.2; n = 22) compared to corresponding HC (3.4 ± 0.1; n = 22; P 〈 0.01) and compared to MS (3.8 ± 0.2; n = 15; P 〈 0.001) and HC (4 ± 0.2; n = 15; P 〈 0.001) from Sardinia. MS patients from Stockholm, but not from Sassari, also expressed lower (P 〈 0.05) LXR-β (−4.1 ± 0.4) compared to corresponding HC (−2.9 ± 0.3). MS from Stockholm was associated with higher ABCA-1 (6.1 ± 0.4 versus 5.0 ± 0.3; P 〈 0.05) and higher estrogen receptor-β-Cx (2.4 ± 0.4 versus 0.8 ± 0.4; P 〈 0.01) compared to corresponding HC. The HC from Sassari had higher androgen receptor (2.9 ± 0.2) compared to MS from Sassari (1.4 ± 0.3; P 〈 0.01), MS (1.3 ± 0.4; P 〈 0.01) and HC from Stockholm (1.2 ± 0.3; P 〈 0.01). MS from Sassari had lower cyclooxygenase-1 compared to corresponding HC (5.1 ± 0.4 versus 6.6 ± 0.3; P 〈 0.01) and lower prostaglandin-E (−0.03 ± 0.5) compared to the HC (1.4 ± 0.5; P 〈 0.05) and MS (2.7 ± 0.4; P 〈 0.05) and HC from Stockholm (1.9 ± 0.4, P 〈 0.001). Our findings identify LXRs and their related molecules as being involved in MS from Stockholm but not from Sassari, while sex hormone receptors seem to be involved in MS in Sassari.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 15 (1994), S. 497-505 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: auditory evoked potentials ; long latency ; central auditory pathways ; corpus callosum agenesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario I potenziali evocati acustici a lunga latenza (PEALL) registrati dalle regioni dello scalpo controlaterali al lato stimolato presentano minor latenza e maggiore ampiezza di quelli registrati omolateralmente, in accordo con il modello operazionale proposto nel 1967 dalla Kimura, in base al quale soltanto le vie acustiche crociate sarebbero attive durante l'ascolto dicotico, mentre le vie dirette sarebbero inibite. Lo stimolo acustico dunque raggiungerebbe la corteccia controlaterale e da qui, tramite il corpo calloso, verrebbe inviato nell'area acustica omolaterale. Ciò spiegherebbe perché l'orecchio destro fornisce migliori prestazioni nel riconoscimento di stimoli verbali e quello sinistro nel riconoscimento di sequenze musicali. Nel presente lavoro abbiamo registrato i PEALL in una giovane di 21 anni affetta da epilessia parziale complessa e agenesia del corpo calloso, al fine di verificare tale ipotesi. I nostri risultati sembrano confermare l'ipotesi della Kimura secondo la quale la via acustica ipsilaterale risulta inibita dalla via controlaterale. Lo stimolo acustico raggiungerebbe pertanto la corteccia uditiva controlaterale, donde verrebbe successivamente trasferlto tramite il corpo calloso alla corteccia uditiva ipsilaterale.
    Notes: Abstract Following monoaural stimulation, long latency auditory evoked potentials (LLAEPs) recorded from contralateral temporal areas have a shorter latency and larger amplitude than those recorded from the ipsilateral temporal areas. This observation agrees with the operational model drawn up in 1967 by Kimura, which assumes that only anatomically prevailing crossed auditory pathways are active during dichotic hearing, while direct pathways are inhibited. The inputs may then be conveyed to the contralateral cortex, from where they finally reach the ipsilateral temporal areas by means of interhemispheric commissures. It is this mechanism which may underline the right ear advantage for verbal stimuli and the left ear advantage for melodies observed when administering dichotic listening tasks. With the aim of verifying this hypothesis, we recorded temporal LLAEPs in a 21 year-old woman suffering from complex partial seizures, whose CT scan and MRI showed corpus callosum agenesia. Our data support the hypothesis that ipsilateral pathways are greatly inhibited by the contralateral pathways, and therefore auditory stimuli can be supposed to reach the contralateral auditory cortex from where they are transferred through the corpus callosum to the ipsilateral auditory cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: H reflex ; soleus muscle ; tonic labyrinth reflex ; tonic neck reflex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Al fine di studiare nell'uomo le interazioni reciproche dei riflessi tonici labirintici e tonici del collo abbiamo analizzato le variazioni dell'area del riflesso H del muscolo soleo indotte da diverse combinazioni di rotazione del collo ed inclinazioni laterali dell'asse corporeo su 3 soggetti volontari sani. Dalla posizione verticale venivano inclinati lateralmente verso destra e verso sinistra di 5° in 5° fino ad un massimo di 15° e contemporaneamente veniva ruotato l'asse corporeo, tenendo il capo fisso, di 5° in 5° fino ad un massimo di 15°. In ciascun soggetto venivano studiate tutte le possibili combinazioni di inclinazioni e rotazioni. Ogni posizione test veniva fatta seguire da una posizione di controllo a 0° (capo in posizione primaria ed asse corporeo verticale). In ciascuna posizione test e di controllo venivano registrati 12 riflessi H e di ciascuno si misurava l'area. I valori ottenuti nelle diverse posizioni test venivano espressi come percentuale della media dei valori osservati nella corrispondente posizione di controllo precedente e successiva. I risultati così ottenuti indicano che nell'uomo, come nell'animale, i riflessi tonici labirintici e tonici del collo agiscono esercitando sul tono estensorio dell'arto inferiore azioni opposte e di entità sovrapponibile.
    Notes: Abstract Interaction of tonic labyrinth and neck reflexes was studied in 3 healthy volunteers by analyzing changes in Soleus H-Reflex (SHR) area in relation to both lateral tiltings and neck rotations. By using a Kermath chair each subject was tilted laterally from the vertical to the left and to the right up 15° in steps of 5° and at the same time the longitudinal body axis, keeping the head fixed, was rotated to the right and to the left up to 15° in steps of 5°. All combinations of lateral tiltings and neck rotations were tested. Each test position was followed by a return to 0° for both rotation and tilting (control position). Twelve H-reflexes of right soleus muscle were recorded in each test and control position and the changes in RSHR area were expressed as percentage variations from the mean value absorved in the pretest and post-test control position. Out data indicate that in man, as in animals, labyrinth and neck reflexes act in the opposite direction, and that in the static condition their contribution to postural stabilization is equal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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