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Characteristic modifications of the breathing pattern of mice to evaluate the effects of airborne chemicals on the respiratory tract (1993)

Vijayaraghavan, R. ; Schaper, M. ; Thompson, R. ; [et al.]

Springer

Archives of toxicology 67 (1993), S. 478-490

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ISSN: 1432-0738

Keywords: Breathing pattern ; Mice ; Airborne chemicals ; Respiratory tract

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract A system was developed for exposure of unanesthetized mice to airborne chemicals and for continuous measurement of their breathing pattern prior to, during and following exposure. By measuring inspiratory and expiratory airflows (VI and VE), and integration with time to yield tidal volume (VT), we obtained characteristic modifications to the normal breathing pattern. These permitted recognition that a specific portion of the respiratory tract was affected by the selected airborne chemicals. Following recognition, we also quantitated the degree of effect using one specific measurement in each case. An effect on the upper respiratory tract, induced by the sensory irritant, 2-chlorobenzylchloride, was quantitated by measuring a decrease in respiratory frequency. An effect on the conducting airways, induced by the airway constrictor, carbamylcholine, was quantitated by a decrease in VE at the mid-point of VT. An effect at the alveolar level, induced either by the vagal nerve ending stimulant, propranolol, or by the pulmonary irritant, machining fluid G, was quantitated by an increase in the length of a pause induced at the end of expiration. The system is easy to construct and operate and can be used to rapidly evaluate the effects of airborne chemicals on the respiratory tract.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01969919

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Use of experimental materials to assess toxicological tests for rating polymeric materials under thermal stress (1978)

Anderson, R. C. ; Dierdorf, J. ; Stock, M. F. ; [et al.]

New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell

Fire and Materials 2 (1978), S. 136-140

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ISSN: 0308-0501

Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics

Notes: In order to evaluate the performance of the indices of toxicity which have been developed, thermal decomposition products of three polymers, polyvinylchloride, polychloroprene, and polycarbonate were tested for sensory irritation, physiological stress induction, and acute lethality. Each polymer has been contrasted with the same polymer containing 5% zinc ferrocyanide. The most irritating and the most stressful pyrolysis products were those from polyvinylchloride. The least irritation and stress were associated with polycarbonate decomposition products. The acute lethality for polychloroprene was higher than that of the other two polymers by a factor of 4. The addition of zinc ferrocyanide had a variable effect, depending on the polymer and the index of toxicity being evaluated. Sensory irritation was lessened by the presence of zinc ferrocyanide in polycarbonate. The sample weight required to cause death of 50% of the animals was reduced for the two hydrogen chloride-generating polymers, polyvinylchloride and polychloroprene. However, the acute lethality of polycarbonate did not change with addition of zinc ferrocyanide. By itself, zinc ferrocyanide decomposed very slowly during heating, caused almost no irritation or stress, and no deaths.

Additional Material: 3 Ill.