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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 57 (1996), S. 563-577 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Explosive volcanism ; Maar Diatreme ; Carbonatite ; Concentric lapilli ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The late Pleistocene San Venanzo maar and nearby Pian di Celle tuff ring in the San Venanzo area of Umbria, central Italy, appear to represent different aspects of an eruptive cycle accompanied by diatreme formation. Approximately 6x106 m3 of mostly lapillisized, juvenile ejecta with lesser amounts of lithics and 1x106 m3 of lava were erupted. The stratigraphy indicates intense explosive activity followed by lava flows and subvolcanic intrusions. The pyroclastic material includes lithic breccia derived from vent and diatreme wall erosion, roughly stratified lapilli tuff deposited by concentrated pyroclastic surge, chaotic scoriaceous pyroclastic flow and inverse graded grain-flow deposits. The key feature of the pyroclastics is the presence of concentric-shelled lapilli generated by accretion around the lithics during magma ascent in the diatreme conduits. The rock types range from kalsilite leucite olivine melilitite lavas and subvolcanic intrusions to carbonatite, phonolite and calcitic melilitite pyroclasts. Juvenile ejecta contain essential calcite whose composition and texture indicate a magmatic origin. Pyroclastic carbonatite activity is also indicated by the presence of carbonatite ash beds. The San Venanzo maar-forming event is believed to have been trigered by fluid-rich carbonatite-phonolite magma. The eruptive centre the moved to the Pian di Celle tuff ring, where the eruption of degassed olivine melilititic magma and late intrusions ended magmatic activity in the area. In both volcanoes the absence of phreatomagmatic features together with the presence of large amounts of primary calcite suggests carbonatite segregation and violent exsolution of CO2 which, flowing through the diatremes, produced the peculiar intrusive pyroclastic facies and triggered explosions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 99 (1990), S. 336-350 
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 59 (1997), S. 43-67 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über bereits veröffentlichte Ergebnisse und bringt neue Daten zu den vier Karbonatitvorkommen, die in Italien seit 1990 nachgewiesen wurden. Alle sind rezenten Alters. Drei davon sind extrusiv und umfassen Tuffe und Brekzien, während das vierte subvulkanisch ist und aus Tuffisiten besteht. Sie bilden Diatreme mit Tuff-Ringen, wobei drei von ihneneng mit melilithischen Tuffen und Laven assoziiert sind. Zwei der Vorkommen umfassen Karbonatite sensu strictu, i.e. Calcit 〉 50% Vol.%, während die anderen zwei “karbonatitisch” sind und nur 20–40% primären magmatischeu Calcit enthalten; dünne Aschenlagen bestehen aber aus echten Karbonatiten. Die Tuffe und Brekzien stellen Mischungen von karbonatitischen und melilithischen Lapilli und Bomben in einer Calcit-reichen Asche dar. Alle Vorkommen führen Reste von Mantelgesteinen in der Form kleiner Xenolithe, Xeno-Kristalle und als Kerne von kozentrischen Lapilli; hier liegt Olivin, Pyroxen und Phlogopit mit hohem Mg#, Ni, und Cr vor. In einem Vorkommen werden konzentrische Lapilli aus scharf begrenzten Lagen von Melilitit, Karbonat-führendem Melilitit und Calcit-phyrischem Karbonatit um Wehrlit-Kerne aufgebaut. Neue Gesamtgesteinsanalysen von allen vier Lokalitäten, sowie Mikrosondenanalysen von Calciten, lassen die Anwesenheit von beachtlichen Gehalten an Sr, Ba, und REE erkennen, was typisch für karbonatitische Calcite ist. Die Melilithite und Karbonatite sind gleichen Ursprungs und haben sich während raschen Transportes an die Oberfläche durch Magmenentmischung gebildet. Die frühere Verfestigung des Mililithites führte dann zur Bildung von karbonatitischen Schmelzen. Die Anwesenheit von Karbonatiten und Melilithiten in Zentralitalien wird als Hinweis darauf gesehen, daß diese magmatische Provinz nicht Subduktions-bezogen ist, die räumliche Verteilung dieser Gesteine in einer Zone östlich der römischen magmatischen Provinz wird vielmehr als Hinweis auf eine mächtigere Lithosphäre gesehen.
    Notes: Summary The paper reviews the published work, and presents new data, on the four occurrences of carbonatite that have been recognised in Italy since 1990. All are Recent in age. Three are extrusive and comprise tuffs and breccias while the fourth is high level and consists of tuffisites. They form diatremes with tuff rings, three of them being intimately associated with melilititic tuffs and lavas. Two of the occurrences include carbonatitessensu stricto i.e. calcite is 〉 50% by volume, while the other two are `‘carbonatitic'’, primary igneous calcite generally being 20-40%, but thin ash layers are true carbonatites. The tuffs and breccias are mixtures of carbonatitic and melilitic lapilli and bombs set in calcite-rich ash. All occurrences contain mantle debris in the form of small xenoliths, xenocrysts and cores to concentric lapilli, of olivine, pyroxene and phlogopite characterised by high Mg#, Ni and Cr. In one occurrence concentric lapilli are built of sharply bounded layers of melilitite, carbonate-bearing melilitite and calcite-phyric carbonatite around wehrlitic cores. New whole rock analyses for all four localities are given and electron microprobe analyses of calcite indicate the presence of significant Sr, Ba and REE, which is typical of carbonatitic calcite. The melilitites and carbonatites are taken to be consanguineous and to have separated immiscibly during rapid transport to the surface, earlier solidification of the melilitite producing final carbonatitic liquids. The presence of the carbonatites and melilitites in central Italy is taken as evidence that this igneous province is unlikely to be subduction related; instead the spatial distribution of these rocks in a zone east of the Roman Igneous Province is considered to reflect thicker underlying lithosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 49 (1993), S. 213-231 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwei kleine, um 0.25 Millionen Jahre alte Diatreme durchschlugen liassische Kalkgesteine, ungefdhr 1 km NNE des Dorfes Polino (Long. 12°50'54″E-Lat. 42°35'34″N; Mittelitalien). Das Material, aus dem das größere Diatrem besteht, ist überwiegend Tuffisit mit häufigen Lapilli, die eine konzentrische Struktur zeigen. Sowohl nichtalterierte Nebengesteine, wie auch massive, hypabyssale Karbonatite treten im Tuffisit als eckige Klasten und Blöcke auf, mit einem Durchmesser von wenigen mm bis 1 m. Das Polino-Gestein tritt in einem sehr Kalium-reichen Vulkan-Distrikt (der Umbria-Latium Ultraalkaline Distrikt) auf, der aus phonolitischen Pyroklastika und untergeordnet aus kamafugitischen Laven aufgebaut ist. Massive Karbonatite bestehen im Durchschnitt aus 53% Sr-Ba-reichem Calcit, 23% Fe-Monticellit, 9% Th-Perovskit und Ti-Magnetit, 6% Cr-Phlogopit, 6% Fo-reichem Olivin, ungefdhr 2% Zr-Schorlomit und ca. 1 % Si-CO-OH-Apatit. Perovskit, Schorlo mit und Apatit bilden eine Mineralassoziation, während Olivin und Phlogopit, die häufig durch Monticellit verdrdngt sind, als Nodulen und Einzelkbrner auftreten. Letztere zeigen Zusammensetzungen und Deformationen wie sie für Mantel-Xenokristalle in Alkali-Basalten und ultramafischen Gesteinen typisch sind. Der hohe Modalgehalt an Ca-Karbonat, hohe Sr, Ba und LREE-Gehalte im Calcit, das Vorhandensein von besonders für Karbonatite außergewöhnlichen Mineralen und häufiger Monticellit sprechen für eine Klassifizierung des Polino-Gesteins als Monticellit-Calciokarbonatit. Das Polino-Gestein repräsentiert eine karbonatitische Schmelze, die von Mantelkristallen kontaminiert ist. Die außergewöhnliche Geochemie dieser Gesteine ist durch Spurenelemente, die eine engere Verwandtschaft zu den regional assoziierten Kamafugiten als zu üblichen Karbonatiten erkennen lassen, geprägt.
    Notes: Summary Two small diatremes, about 0.25 my old, cut through Liassic limestones about 1 km NNE of the village of Polino (Long. 12°50'54″E-Lat. 42°35'34″N; Central Italy). The material filling the larger diatreme is mainly composed of a tuffisite with abundant lapilli showing concentric structure. Both unaltered country-rocks and massive hypabyssal carbonatite occur in the tuffisite as angular clasts and blocks, from a few mm up to more than 1 m in diameter. The Polino rock occurs in a strongly-potassic igneous district (Umbria Latium Ultra-alkaline District) which comprises phonolitic pyroclastic rocks and very rare kamafugitic lavas. Massive carbonatite blocks have an average mode of 53% Sr-Ba-rich calcite, 23% Fe-monticellite, 9% Th-perovskite plus Ti-magnetite, 6% Cr-phlogopite, 6% forsteritic olivine, about 2% Zr-schorlomite and ca. 1% Si-CO-OH apatite. Perovskite, schorlom ite, and apatite form cognate phases, whereas olivine and phlogopite, often replaced by monticellite, occur as nodules and as discrete grains with compositions and deformation features typical of mantle xenocrysts found in alkali basalts and ultramafic rocks. High modal content of Ca-carbonate, high Sr, Ba and LREE contents of calcite, the presence of rare minerals peculiar to carbonatitic rocks and an essential amount of monticellite indicate classification of the Polino rock as a monticellite calciocarbonatite. The Polino rock represents a carbonatitic melt strongly contaminated by mantle-crystal debris. It displays unusual geochemical features having trace elements closer to those of the regional-associated kamafugitic rocks rather than to those of common carbonatites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 61 (1997), S. 27-45 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine eingehende mineralogische Untersuchung eines Lagerganges von Pian di Celle, der als Melilitolit klassifiziert and mit Venanzit and karbonatitischen Pyroklasten assoziiert ist, ergab neue and seltene Mineral-Paragenesen, die als charakteristisch für die Kamafugit-Karbonatit-Assoziation gelten. Diese bestehen aus verschiedenen akzessorischen Mineralien, darunter Perovskit, Cuspidin, Götzenit, Khibinskit, Delhayelit, Macdonaldit, Bardonit and (Fe, Ni, Co) Monoarsenit; diese werden in Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen mit optischen and chemischen Methoden identifiziert. Die chemische Zusammensetzung dieser Minerale and ihre wahrscheinliche Kristallisationsabfolge, aus texturellen Beziehungen abgeleitet, zeigt extensive Substitutionen, vor allem für Ca, Ti, Mg and Alkelien, die im wesentlichen hohe Gehalte an SEE, Sr, Ba, Mb and Zr andeuten, die während der Kristallisation beträchtlichen Schwankungen unterlagen. Molekularer Alkali überschuß über Al in (H2O, F, CO2)-reichen Si-untersättigten Fluiden werden als wichtigste Faktoren für die Stabilität von Mineralen des DisilikatTyps gesehen. Trennung des Karbonatites vom Silikat, die durch texturelle und Flüssigkeitseinschluß-Daten genau fixiert werden konnte, war wichtig für die Verschiebung des Residuums auf einen deutlich peralkalinen Trend, welcher die Sulfide unter veränderten Redox-Bedingungen stabilisieren konnte.
    Notes: Summary A detailed mineralogical investigation of a Pian di Celle sill rock (San Venanzo, Italy), classified asmelilitolite and associated withvenanzite and carbonatitic pyroclasts, revealed new and rare mineral parageneses, considered as characteristic of thekamafugite-carbonatite association. These are formed by several accessory minerals, including minerals of the cuspidine family, götzenite, khibinskite, minerals of the rhodesite- delhayelite- macdonaldite family, pyrrhotite, bartonite and (Fe, Ni, Co) monoarsenide, mostly optically and chemically identified also in fluid inclusions. The chemical composition of these minerals and their probable crystallisation succession, deduced from textural relationships, demonstrates extensive atomic substitutions, notably for Ca, Ti, Mg and alkali, essentially reflecting high concentrations of REE, Sr, Ba, Nb and Zr, which significantly varied during crystallisation. Molecular alkali excess over Al and high Ca content in (H2O, F, CO2)-rich, Siundersaturated liquid(s) are considered the dominant factors in controlling the stability of disilicate-type minerals. Separation of the carbonatite liquid from the silicate magma, constrained by textural and fluid inclusion data, was fundamental in moving the residuum onto a strongly peralkaline trend which stabilised the sulphides under changed redox conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Craniosynostosis ; Allogeneic blood transfusion morbidity ; Autologous blood transfusion ; Infancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Improved anesthesiological and surgical care has resulted in a progressively declining need for allogeneic blood transfusion. In infants with craniosynostosis, however, allogeneic blood transfusion is still performed as a routine procedure. In the present paper, the authors describe a protocol they have devised with the aim of limiting or even avoiding allogeneic blood transfusion even in very young patients, consequently avoiding the risks of infective or immunologic reactions associated with the procedure. The protocol is based on stimulation of the hematopoietic system with erythropoietin, selection of an appropriate age for operation when a favorable balance between fetal and adult-type hemoglobin is established (that is after 4–6 months), preoperative preparation of the autologous blood supply, and intraoperative blood salvage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 122 (1995), S. 275-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Field, mineralogical and petrological data are presented on a newly found carbonatite occurrence associated with “kamafugite” lava at Cupaello, central Italy. This carbonatite occurrence is part of the Late Pleistocene Umbria-Latium ultra-alkaline district (ULUD) which extends southwards within the Apennines to Mount Vulture, delineating an important magmatic province along the most peripheral belt of the Tyrrhenian extensional tectonic system. This province is distinct, but probably related genetically with the more abundant and common leucite-bearing assemblages of the Roman Comagmatic Region and represents the first reported occurrence of carbonatite assemblages in the Mediterranean Basin. The Cupaello suite indicates that primary or near-primary mantle silicate melts of “kamafugitic” composition are transitional with Ca-carbonatite liquid and provides direct evidence of immiscibility of carbonatite from “kamafugite” magma. It is inferred that a primary mantle origin of Ca-carbonatites is conditional upon a potential silicate magma that may be coupled with the carbonatite, but may not have reached the surface. The data indicate a strong genetic link between ULUD Ca-carbonatites and some African analogues, supporting the view that their genesis depends on similar source and associated tectonic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Craniosynostosis ; Allogeneic blood transfusion ; Intraoperative blood salvage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The authors describe the results obtained in 13 consecutive cases of craniosynostosis operated on according to a protocol devised at avoiding allogeneic blood transfusion. The protocol is based on pre- and postoperative treatment with erythropoietin, preoperative autologous blood donation, preoperative normovolemic hemodilution and intraoperative blood salvage. Nine subjects were affected by simple forms of craniosynostosis, whereas the remaining 4 presented with oxycephaly or craniofacial syndromes. Five of the 13 children were under 7 months and a further 3, under 10 months of age at the time of the surgical operation. Seven children weighed less than 10 kg. Allogeneic blood transfusion was avoided in 11 of the 13 children considered. Two failures – defined as the necessity to reinfuse the patient with an allogeneic blood transfusion – were recorded, 1 of them resulting from an unexpected hemorrhage during surgery. The results obtained indicate that this protocol designed to avoid allogeneic blood transfusion can be safely applied in the great majority of children with craniosynostosis, even when the surgical correction is carried out early in life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Pain ; Analgesia ; Pediatric neurosurgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Preemptive analgesia is based on administration of an analgesic before a painful stimulus generates, so as to prevent the subsequent rebound mechanism. Tissue injury results in disruption of the processing mechanisms of noxious stimuli afferent to the CNS (central nervous system) by way of an increase of inputs in the spinal cord. These reactions may be reduced by the administration of opioids. Few studies on preemptive analgesia with opioids in children are available, and none of them is concerned with pediatric neurosurgery. Tramadol and fentanyl are synthetic opioids which are relatively new and act through the activation of pain-inhibitory mechanisms. We conducted a randomized, prospective trial on the preemptive effects in children of these two analgesic drugs, administered according to three different protocols: tramadol as a bolus (1 mg/kg); tramadol by continuous infusion (150 µg/kg per h); fentanyl by continuous infusion (2 µg/kg per h). In all, 42 children undergoing major neurosurgical operations were enrolled in the study, 14 in each treatment group. Each treatment was started at the induction of general anesthesia and continued throughout the entire duration of the operation. The postoperative pain evaluation was conducted in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at the end of the surgical operations and involved comparison of any changes in behavioral (AFS scale and CHEOPS score) and hemodynamic (heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, oxygen saturation, O2 and CO2 partial pressure) parameters. Only 2 children, both in group A, needed further drug administration postoperatively. No significant side effects were noticed in any of the three groups, except that in group A there was a higher incidence of nausea and vomiting. Tramadol efficacy seems to be better when it is administered in continuous infusion; this treatment modality also leads to fewer adverse effects. Fentanyl, in contrast, proved to be superior to tramadol in the treatment of postoperative pain. In conclusion, preemptive analgesia is a valid technique for the treatment of acute pain in children undergoing major neurosurgical operations.
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