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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Slow development of leaf photosynthesis in an evergreen broad-leaved tree, Castanopsis sieboldii: relationships between leaf anatomical characteristics and photosynthetic rate (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 24 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Changes in net photosynthetic rate on a leaf area basis and anatomical properties during leaf development were studied in an evergreen broad-leaved tree, Castanopsis sieboldii and an annual herb, Phaseolus vulgaris. In C. sieboldii, surface area of mesophyll cells facing the intercellular air spaces on a leaf area basis (Smes) was already considerable at the time of full leaf area expansion (FLE). However, surface area of chloroplasts facing the intercellular air spaces on a leaf area basis (Sc), and chlorophyll and Rubisco contents on a leaf area basis increased to attain their maximal values 15–40 d after FLE. In contrast, in P. vulgaris, chloroplast number on a leaf area basis, Sc and Smes at 10 d before FLE were two to three times greater than the steady-state levels attained at around FLE. In C. sieboldii, the internal CO2 transfer conductance (gi) slightly increased for 10 d after FLE but then decreased toward the later stages. Limitation of photosynthesis by gi was only about 10% at FLE, but then increased to about 30% at around 40 d after FLE. The large limitation after FLE by gi was probably due to the decrease in CO2 concentration in the chloroplast caused by the increases in thickness of mesophyll cell walls and in Rubisco content per chloroplast surface area. These results clearly showed that: (1) in C. sieboldii, chloroplast development proceeded more slowly than mesophyll cell expansion and continued well after FLE, whereas in P. vulgaris these processes proceeded synchronously and were completed by FLE; (2) after FLE, photosynthesis in leaves of C. sieboldii was markedly limited by gi. From these results, it is suggested that, in the evergreen broad-leaved trees, mechanical protection of mesophyll cells has priority over the efficient CO2 transfer and quick construction of the chloroplasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00682.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acclimation of leaf respiratory properties in Alocasia odora following reciprocal transfers of plants between high- and low-light environments (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 24 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Acclimation of respiration to the light environments is important for a plant’s carbon balance. Respiratory rates of mature leaves of Alocasia odora, a typical shade-tolerant species, were measured during the night for 14 d after reciprocal transfers between high- (330 µ mol m−2 s−1) and low-light (20 µ mol m−2 s−1) environments. Following the transfer, both the rate of CO2 efflux and that of O2 uptake of A. odora leaves adjusted to the new light environments. The O2-uptake rates changed more slowly than the CO2-efflux rates under the new environments. Leaf mass per area also changed after the transfer. We analysed whether substrate availability or ATP-consumption rates influence the respiratory acclimation. Since the addition of sucrose to leaf segments did not influence the O2-uptake rates, the change of respiratory substrate availability was not responsible for the respiratory acclimation. The addition of an uncoupler induced increases in the O2-uptake rates, and the degree of enhancement significantly decreased after the transfer from low to high irradiance. Thus, the change in ATP-consumption rates was responsible for the changes in respiratory rates in the plants transferred from low to high light. Potential rates of O2 uptake, as measured in the presence of both the substrate and the uncoupler, changed after the transfer, and strongly correlated with the O2-uptake rates, irrespective of the directions of transfer (r = 0·961). There was a strong correlation between maximal activities of NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase and the potential rates of O2 uptake (r = 0·933), but a weaker correlation between those of cytochrome c oxidase and the potential rates (r = 0·689). These data indicate that the changes of light environments altered the respiratory rates via the change of the respiratory ATP demand, and that the altered rates of respiration will induce the changes of the respiratory capacities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00728.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in mesophyll anatomy and sink–source relationships during leaf development in Quercus glauca, an evergreen tree showing delayed leaf greening (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Changes in mesophyll anatomy, gas exchange, and the amounts of nitrogen and cell wall constituents including cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin during leaf development were studied in an evergreen broad-leaved tree, Quercus glauca, and in an annual herb, Phaseolus vulgaris. The number of chloroplasts per whole leaf in P. vulgaris increased and attained the maximal level around 10 d before full leaf area expansion (FLE), whereas it continued to increase even after FLE in Q. glauca. The increase in the number of palisade tissue cells per whole leaf continued until a few days before FLE in Q. glauca, but it had almost ceased by 10 d before FLE in P. vulgaris. The radius and height of palisade tissue cells in Q. glauca, attained their maximal levels at around FLE whereas the thickness of the mesophyll cell wall and concentrations of the cell wall constituents increased markedly after FLE. These results clearly indicated that, in Q. glauca, chloroplast development proceeded in parallel with the cell wall thickening well after completion of the mesophyll cell division and cell enlargement. The sink–source transition, defined to be the time when the increase in daily carbon exchange rate exceeds the daily increase in leaf carbon content, occurred before FLE in P. vulgaris but after FLE in Q. glauca. During leaf area expansion, the maximum daily increase in nitrogen content on a whole leaf basis (the maximum leaf areas were corrected to be identical for these species) in Q. glauca was similar to that in P. vulgaris. In Q. glauca, however, more than 70% of nitrogen in the mature leaf was invested during its sink phase, whereas in P. vulgaris it was 50%. These results suggest that Q. glauca invests nitrogen for cell division for a considerable period and for chloroplast development during the later stages. We conclude that the competition for nitrogen between cell division and chloroplast development in the area of expanding leaves can explain different greening patterns among plant species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01011.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversible decreases in the bulk elastic modulus of mature leaves of deciduous Quercus species subjected to two drought treatments (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 27 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Changes in leaf water relations under water stress were examined. In experiment 1, water stress was imposed by withholding irrigation to potted seedlings of deciduous oak, Quercus crispula and Q. serrata. Changes in the pressure–volume (P–V) curve in mature leaves were followed. The leaf water potential at turgor loss (Ψl,tlp) significantly decreased after 13 d of drought treatment. The bulk elastic modulus (ɛ) significantly decreased, which contributed to the maintenance of cell turgor together with the decrease in osmotic potential. In experiment 2, water stress was imposed by notching a branch of a Q. serrata tree. After the notching, the daily minimum leaf water potential (Ψl) decreased, and a significant decrease in Ψl,tlp was observed 15 d after notching. The osmotic potential at water saturation (Ψπ,sat) did not decrease significantly until 25 d after notching whereas, ɛ had already decreased significantly within 15 d after notching and increased promptly after substantial precipitation. It was confirmed that ɛ of mature leaves decreased reversibly in water stress. This response of ɛ was more rapid than that of the osmotic potential and, thus, effectively maintained cell turgor when water stress was suddenly imposed on the leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01192.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental process of sun and shade leaves in Chenopodium album L. (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 27 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The authors’ previous study of Chenopodium album L. revealed that the light signal for anatomical differentiation of sun and shade leaves is sensed by mature leaves, not by developing leaves. They suggested that the two-cell-layered palisade tissue of the sun leaves would be formed without a change in the total palisade tissue cell number. To verify that suggestion, a detailed study was made of the developmental processes of the sun and shade leaves of C. album with respect to the division of palisade tissue cells (PCs) and the data was expressed against developmental time (leaf plastochron index, LPI). The total number of PCs per leaf did not differ between the sun and shade leaves throughout leaf development (from LPI −1 to 10). In both sun and shade leaves, anticlinal cell division of PCs occurred most frequently from LPI −1 to 2. In sun leaves, periclinal division of PCs occurred synchronously with anticlinal division. The constancy of the total number of PCs indicates that periclinal divisions occur at the expense of anticlinal divisions. These results support the above suggestion that two-cell-layered palisade tissue is formed by a change of cell division direction without a change in the total number of PCs. PCs would be able to recognize the polarity or axis that is perpendicular to the leaf plane and thereby change the direction of their cell divisions in response to the light signal from mature leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01182.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons of photosynthesis and photoinhibition in the CAM vine Hoya australis and several C3 vines growing on the coast of eastern Australia (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 11 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The CAM vine Hoya australis and three C3 vines, Smilax australis, Ipomoea pes-caprae and Kennedta rubicunda, were studied at a site on the coast of northeastern New South Wales, Australia. The level of CAM activity (nocturnal acid accumulation) was comparable in H. australis growing in full sunlight and in deep shade. Acclimation to shade by H. australis was indicated by thinner leaves, increased chlorophyll content, decreased chlorophyll a/b ratios, lower dark respiration rates, and lower light compensation points. When growing in full sunlight H. australis exhibited reductions in photochemical efficiency, as indicated by reduced quantum yields and Fv/Fm fluorescence from PS II as well as low rates of photosynthesis at high light. Sun leaves of H. australis experienced a massive quenching of fluorescence from PS II during normal exposure to midday irradiance which was rapidly reversible under low irradiance conditions in the late afternoon. This quenching indicated a reduction in photochemical efficiency, part of which could be accounted for by an increase in non-radiative energy dissipation, while part of it was due to one or more processes not yet identified. Changes in PS II fluorescence from shade H. australis exposed to full sunlight suggest a decrease in the rate constant for photochemistry indicative of damage to the reaction centre, as well as an increase in non-radiative energy dissipation. The C3 vine S. australis was also shade tolerant, but exhibited little evidence of photoinhibition when growing in full sunlight. Ipomoea pescaprae and K. rubicunda, both of which were apparently shade intolerant (being found only in full sunlight), possessed high quantum yields and much higher photosynthetic capacities than either H. australis or S. australis. From this study, and several others, it appears that plants possessing CAM experience photoinhibition to a greater degree than do C3 species in full sunlight under natural conditions, which is probably exacerbated by some degree of CAM-idling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1988.tb01134.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavior of small amounts of thorium in the separation of heavy rare earth elements by ion exchange
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 32 (1970), S. 3091-3099 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-1902
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(70)80376-1
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of continuous leaf wetness on photosynthesis: adverse aspects of rainfall (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Above-ground parts of Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants were treated with artificial misty rain (‘rain’) in a growth chamber to investigate the effects of leaf wetness on photosynthetic performance. The following results were obtained. (1) Stomata closed completely within 2 min of the onset of continuous ‘rain’ application and gradually opened to half the original aperture by 60 min. The rate of CO2 exchange measured on such wet leaves changed in parallel with the changes in stomatal aperture and attained 60 to 70% of the control level by 1h. (2) The dependence of the rate of leaf photosynthesis, A, on the intercellular CO2 concentration, ci [A(ci) relationship], examined in thoroughly dried leaves which had been treated with ‘rain’ did not change until after 4 h of treatment. However, leaves treated for 6h showed discernible decreases in A at high ci (ci〉500μmolmol −1). The photosynthetic rate of leaves treated with ‘rain’ for 24 h was reduced at all ci, and A at the ambient CO2 concentration of 350μmolmol−1 was 60 to 70% of that of the control level. The rate of photosynthesis did not recover even after 3 d of treatment of the plants in a dry environment. These results clearly indicate that leaf wetness causes not only instantaneous suppression of photosynthesis but also chronic damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. Potential effects of leaf wetness on photosynthetic performance in nature are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00377.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative ecophysiology of leaf and canopy photosynthesis (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Leaves and herbaceous leaf canopies photosynthesize efficiently although the distribution of light, the ultimate resource of photosynthesis, is very biased in these systems. As has been suggested in theoretical studies, if a photosynthetic system is organized such that every photosynthetic apparatus photosynthesizes in concert, the system as a whole has the sharpest light response curve and is most adaptive. This condition can be approached by (i) homogenization of the light environment and (ii) acclimation of the photosynthetic properties of leaves or chloroplasts to their local light environments. This review examines these two factors in the herbaceous leaf canopy and in the leaf. Changes in the inclination of leaves in the canopy and differentiation of mesophyll into palisade and spongy tissue contribute to the moderation of the light gradient. Leaf and chloroplast movements in the upper parts of these systems under high irradiances also moderate light gradients. Moreover, acclimation of leaves and chloroplasts to the local light environment is substantial. These factors increase the efficiency of photosynthesis considerably. However, the systems appear to be less efficient than the theoretical optimum. When the systems are optically dense, the light gradients may be too great for leaves or chloroplasts to acclimate. The loss of photosynthetic production attributed to the imperfect adjustment of photosynthetic apparatus to the local light environment is most apparent when the photosynthesis of the system is in the transition between the light-limited and light-saturated phases. Although acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus and moderation of light gradients are imperfect, these markedly raise the efficiency of photosynthesis. Thus more mechanistic studies on these adaptive attributes are needed. The causes and consequences of imperfect adjustment should also be investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00623.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of growth irradiance on leaf anatomy and photosynthesis in Acer species differing in light demand (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Variation in light demand is a major factor in determining the growth and survival of trees in a forest. There is strong relation between the light-demand and the effect of growth irradiance on leaf morphology and photosynthesis in three Acer species: A. rufinerve (light-demanding), A. mono (intermediate) and A. palmatum (shade-tolerant). The increase in mesophyll thickness and surface area of chloroplasts facing the intercellular airspaces (Sc) with growth irradiance was highest in A. rufinerve. Although the increase in light-saturated photosynthesis (Amax) was similar among the species, the increase in water use efficiency (WUE) was much higher in A. rufinerve than that in the other species, indicating that the response to water limitation plays an important role in leaf photosynthetic acclimation to high light in A. rufinerve. The low CO2 partial pressure at the carboxylation site (Cc) in A. rufinerve (130 µmol mol−1) at high irradiance was caused by low stomatal and internal conductance to CO2 diffusion, which minimized the increase in Amax in A. rufinerve despite its high Rubisco content. Under shade conditions, interspecific differences in leaf features were relatively small. Thus, difference in light demand related to leaf acclimation to high light rather than that to low light in the Acer species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00881.x
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