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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-related and region-specific increase in number of concentric lamellar bodies in axon terminals and presynaptic axons in central nervous system of groggy mutant rat (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 87 (1994), S. 628-634 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Concentric lamellar body ; Axon terminal ; Cerebellar nucleus ; Vestibular nucleus ; Groggy rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In some regions of the central nervous system (CNS) of the groggy rat, a mutant with a movement disorder, concentric lamellar bodies (CLBs) were formed in numerous axon terminals and presynaptic axons. These bodies were counted electron microscopically in the lateral cerebellar nuclei of Slc: Wistar and groggy mutant rats at 20 to 180 days of age. In the Slc: Wistar rat groups, the mean numbers of axonal CLBs were mostly under 1.0 per 100 μm2, except for the 30-day-old rat group which showed a value of 1.7. In the groggy rat groups, the numbers of axonal CLBs greatly increased from 40 days of age onward, reaching the maximum mean number of 23.7 per 100 μm2 in the 90-day-old rat group and subsequently decreasing; however, significant numbers were still present in the 180-day-old rat group. Since these bodies have been reported to contain an acid phosphatase (ACPase), the regional specificity of their appearance in the CNS was examined by light and electron microscopic ACPase histochemistry. In the 90- and 180-day-old groggy rats, numerous particulate deposits of ACPase reaction products were found in the neuropil of the lateral, interposed and medial cerebellar nuclei, the superior, lateral and spinal vestibular nuclei, and the spinal gracile nuclei. By electron microscopy, the particulate deposits in the cerebellar and vestibular nuclei were confirmed as the CLBs in axon terminals, while those in the gracile nuclei were revealed to be the dystrophic axons. Thus, it was suggested that the axon terminals and presynaptic axons, having a high capacity to form the CLBs in the groggy rats from 40 days of age onward, belong to the Purkinje cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293324
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NT-4 protein is localized in neuronal cells in the brain stem as well as the dorsal root ganglion of embryonic and adult rats (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 86 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have newly established a sensitive, two-site enzyme immunoassay system for neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) and investigated its tissue distribution in the rat nervous system. The minimal limit of detection of the assay is 0.3 pg/0.2 mL of assay mixture. Concentrations of NT-4 were found to be extremely low in all brain regions, irrespective of the animal age, the highest level being found in the brain stem of 40-day-old rats, at 0.12 ng/g wet weight. NT-4 levels in young adult rats were significantly lower in the thalamus and higher in the olfactory bulb, neocortex, hypothalamus and brain stem than respective levels in 1-week-old rats. NT-4 immunoreactivity was strong in large neurons of the red nucleus and pontine reticular nucleus as well as the locus coeruleus, and moderate in cells in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus and interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. In the rat embryo, stong staining of NT-4 was detected in cells of regions corresponding to the midbrain/pons from E11.5 through E15.5. The intensity was decreased after E13.5 when the cytoplasm of cells in the medulla oblongata, fibers of the cerebellar primordium, and both cells and fibers of the dorsal root ganglion were also stained. Concentrations of NT-4 were detected in regions including the hindbrain and the dorsal root ganglion. Immunoblotting of NT-4-immunoreactive proteins extracted from these two regions revealed a band corresponding to mature NT-4 with a molecular mass of ∼14 kDa. Kainic acid and another glutamte agonist, (+/–)-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid did not affect NT-4 levels in the hippocampus. The present results show NT-4 to be localized in very limited brain cells and fibers from the embyonic period through to the young adult, suggesting specific roles in brain functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01874.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor by convulsant drugs in the rat brain: involvement of region-specific voltage-dependent calcium channels (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 77 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A high level of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in normally aged as compared with young rats suggests that it is important to maintain a considerable level of hippocampal BDNF during aging in order to keep normal hippocampal functions. To elucidate possible mechanisms of endogenous BDNF increase, changes in levels of BDNF were studied in the rat brain following systemic administration of various convulsant agents; excitotoxic glutamate agonists, NMDA, kainic acid and (+/–)-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA); GABA receptor antagonists, picrotoxin, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane); and l-type voltage-dependent calcium channel agonist, BAY-K 8644. Kainic acid and AMPA, but not NMDA, caused remarkable increases in BDNF protein in the rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Picrotoxin, PTZ and lindane stimulated BDNF production in the entorhinal cortex and also in the hippocampus of rats showing very severe convulsions. On the other hand, BAY-K 8644 treatment increased BDNF levels in the neocortex and entorhinal cortex. Maximal levels of BDNF protein were observed at 12–24 h, 8–16 h and 6 h following administration of kainic acid, PTZ and BAY-K 8644, respectively. Kainic acid stimulated BDNF synthesis in presynaptic hippocampal granule neurons, but not in postsynaptic neurons with its receptors, while PTZ and BAY-K 8644 produced the same effects in postsynaptic neurons in the entorhinal cortex (in granule neurons in the hippocampus) and in the whole cortex, respectively. Nifedipine inhibited almost completely BAY-K 8644, but not PTZ, effects. ω-Conotoxin GVIA and DCG-IV partially blocked kainic acid-induced enhancement of BDNF, indicating involvement of l-type and N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels, respectively. In addition, BDNF levels in the hippocampus of mice deficient in d-myo-inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor gene were scarcely different from those in the same region of controls, suggesting little involvement of intracellular calcium increase through this receptor. BAY-K 8644, but not kainic acid or PTZ, stimulated the phosphorylation of cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein. Our results indicate convulsant-dependent stimulation of BDNF production and involvement of region-specific voltage-dependent calcium channels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00138.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurotrophin-3 Controls Proliferation of Granular Precursors as Well as Survival of Mature Granule Neurons in the Developing Rat Cerbellum (2000)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Journal of neurochemistry 74 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Levels of neurotrophin-3 markedly decrease in the rat cerebellum after the first 10 days of life, suggesting an importance during early development. To further examine the effect of neurotrophin-3 on the developing cerebellum, we injected a monoclonal antibody against neurotrophin-3 into the lateral ventricle of 7.5-day-old rats. The resultant depletion of neurotrophin-3 caused a significant decrease in cerebellar wet weights noted at 7 and 23 days thereafter. Other changes noted 48 h after injection of monoclonal antibodies against neurotrophin-3 included reduced incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into granule neurons in the external germinal layer, an elevated density of atrophic neurons that had just migrated under the Purkinje cell layer, and an increased number of apoptotic neurons in the internal granule cell layer. These changes were limited to the central lobe. The concentration of neurotrophin-3 protein in the posterior region, including the central lobe, was about four- and threefold higher than that in the anterior region of the cerebellum of 9.5- and 30-day-old rats, respectively. Immunocytochemical examination showed higher amounts of neurotrophin-3 protein in the central lobe than in the anterior lobe. Our results provide evidence that neurotrophin-3 regulates the proliferation of granule precursors and supports the survival of mature granule neurons in restricted lobules, suggesting an involvement in limited regions at a specific stage in development of the rat cerebellum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0741923.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of Heat Shock Proteins hsp27, αB-Crystallin, and hsp70 in Rat Brain After Kainic Acid-Induced Seizure Activity (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 73 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: We determined the changes in the levels of the mammalian small heat shock protein of 25-28 kDa (hsp27) and the hsp αB-crystallin in various regions of rat brain after kainic acid-induced seizure activity by means of specific immunoassays. The levels of hsp27 in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex were markedly increased and reached a maximum (1.5-2 μg/mg of protein) 2-4 days after the seizure. The levels of hsp27 in these regions were considerably high even 10 days after the seizure. A marked increase in levels of mRNA for hsp27 was also observed in the hippocampus of rats 1-2 days after the seizure. A severalfold increase in the levels of αB-crystallin was observed in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of rats 2 days after the seizure. However, the maximum levels were 〈50 ng/mg of protein. The levels of protein sulfhydryl group and glutathione were significantly reduced in the hippocampus of rats at 24 h after the seizure, which might have enhanced the expressions of hsp27 and αB-crystallin. The expression of inducible mammalian hsp of 70 kDa (hsp 70) was also enhanced in the hippocampus of rats after the seizure, as detected by western and northern blotting analyses. Immunohistochemically, an intensive staining of hsp27 was observed in both glial cells and neurons in the hippocampus, piriform cortex, and entorhinal cortex of rats with kainic acid-induced seizure. However, in the cerebellum, where the receptors for kainic acid are also rich, hsp27 was barely induced in the same rats. This might be due to high levels of the cerebellar calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin and 28-kDa calbindin-D, which might have a protective effect against the kainic acid-inducible damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0730229.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Rats and Its Changes with Development in the Brain (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 69 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: A newly established, sensitive, two-site enzyme-immunoassay system for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is described. Using this system, we investigated the tissue distribution of BDNF and developmental changes in tissue levels of BDNF in rats. The minimal limit of detection of the assay was 3 pg/0.2 ml of assay mixture. BDNF was successfully solubilized from tissues in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride but not in any of the other buffers examined. In the rat brain at 1 month of age, the highest level of BDNF was detected in the hippocampus (5.41 ng/g of wet weight), followed by the hypothalamus (4.23 ng/g) and the septum (1.68 ng/g). In other regions, levels of BDNF ranged between 0.9 and 1.7 ng/g. The level of BDNF in the posterior lobes of the cerebellum from rats at 30 days of age was slightly higher than that in the anterior lobes. The concentration of BDNF increased in all regions of the brain with postnatal development. In peripheral tissues, BDNF was found at very low concentrations (0.65 ng/g in the spleen, 0.21 ng/g in the thymus, and 0.06 ng/g in the liver). The subfractionation of the hippocampal homogenate indicated that ∼50% of BDNF was contained in the crude nuclear fraction. Immunoblots of BDNF-immunoreactive proteins extracted from the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum contained doublet bands of protein of ∼14 kDa, a value close to the molecular mass of recombinant human BDNF. Immunocytochemical investigations showed that, in the hippocampus, BDNF was localized in the nucleus of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus and of the cells in the pyramidal cell layer. The frequency of cells that were stained in the dentate gyrus was greater than that of cells in the pyramidal cell layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69010034.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axonal swellings in cerebellar white matter of groggy mutant rat (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 90 (1995), S. 486-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Axonal swellings ; Calbindin D28k ; Neurofilament ; Acid phosphatase ; Groggy rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the groggy mutant rat, a number of axonal seellings appeared in the cerebellar white matter from 180 days of age onward. Since these axonal swellings were immunostained with an antibody against calbindin D28k, the axons forming these swellings were considered to belong to Purkinje cells. They were also immunostained with an anti-neurofilament antibody, and ultrastructurally characterized by the presence of myelin sheaths around them and abnormal accumulations of filamentous structures, mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticula (SER) in their axoplasm. The SER were considered to convey acid phosphatase (ACPase) to the swelling's axoplasm, where ACPase was set free from the SER throughout the axoplasm and engaged in the digestion of cytoplasmic organelles. The groggy rat is a useful model for the study of the mechanism of the age-related formation of axonal swellings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294810
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lipid droplets in the visceral yolk sac endodermal cells of the postimplantation rat embryo: Application of malachite green-glutaraldehyde fixative (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 29-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Visceral yolk sac ; Lipid droplets ; Malachite green-glutaraldehyde fixative ; Rat embryo ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the visceral yolk sac (VYS) of the rat embryo at day 9.5 of gestation was examined after fixation with either Karnovsky's glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde solution or malachite green-containing glutaraldehyde (MGA) solution. Fixation with MGA retained homogeneously electron-dense droplets in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of endodermal cells, both of which were lost in the specimens prepared by Karnovsky's fixation method. The cytoplasmic MGA-positive droplets were frequently associated with other cytoplasmic organelles such as rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and membrane-delineated inclusion bodies, but these cytoplasmic organelles never incorporated MGA-positive materials, whereas Golgi apparatus contained intracisternal MGA-positive droplets. Extracellular MGA-positive droplets were also encountered at the apical surface of endodermal cells and in the intercellular space between endodermal cells and the underlying mesodermal cells. These MGA-positive droplets were considered to be lipid in nature, and their origin in the endodermal cells of VYS is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219920
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pigment cell differentiation in albino goldfish (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 383-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment cells ; Melanin granules ; Pigment retina ; Albino goldfish ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structural differentiation of the retinal pigment epithelium of the albino goldfish (Carassius auratus) in several developmental stages and in the adult was studied. In the 5-mm larva, the retinal pigment cells contained granules whose cores are filled with conglomerates of electron-dense pigments, but they were never pigmented fully as in the control black moor goldfish. Most of the granules have a round or ovoid shape, but granules with an elongate, cigar-like form are occasionally observed. The internal membranous frame-work, which has been reported in unpigmented and lightly pigmented granules in melanocytes of other vertebrates, was rarely observed in the present study. The number of pigment granules increased during the early developmental stages, whereas they decreased conspicuously in the later stages. From these results, the function of one of the albino genes p, is discussed and the following three phenomena are attributed to it: the decrease in formation of cigar-shaped granules, the partial inhibition of pigmentation, and the disintegration of pigment granules during the larval and post-larval stages. In addition to the pigment granules, the differentiation and disappearance of other characteristic cytoplasmic organelles are described. The biological significance of the changes in many of these organelles remains in question.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222813
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopy of two types of reflecting chromatophores (iridophores and leucophores) in the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus Peters (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 17-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromatophores ; Iridophore ; Leucophore ; Guppy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reflecting chromatophores in the integument of the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus Peters, are of two distinct types, iridophores and leucophores. The iridophores are smaller and fixed, producing a metallic iridescent color. The cytoplasmic organelles involved in the coloration of iridophores are the reflecting platelets, as in the iridophores of other fish and amphibian species on which earlier reports have been made. Spherical granules of pleiomorphic internal structure, quite variable in size but generally 0.2 μm to 1.0 μm in diameter, are also numerous in the iridophores. The nature of these granules remains unknown. The leucophores are larger, and highly dendritic; their pigment granules are migratory and they exhibit a dull whitish color. Pigment granules of the leucophores are spherical in form, varying from 0.5–0.8 μm in diameter, with a double membrane enclosing the internal fibrous materials. Melamine-treatment of the fish caused degenerative changes in the pigment granules and also the other cytoplasmic organelles of the leucophores, whereas the other kinds of chromatophores, including the iridiophores, remained intact. Some problems in general characterization and classification between these two types of chromatophores were discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219263
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